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KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05414
Entry
hsa05414                    Pathway                                
Name
Dilated cardiomyopathy - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that results in progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmia. Genetically inherited forms of DCM ("familial" DCM) have been identified in 25-35% of patients presenting with this disease, and the inherited gene defects are an important cause of "familial" DCM. The pathophysiology may be separated into two categories: defects in force generation and defects in force transmission. In cases where an underlying pathology cannot be identified, the patient is diagnosed with an "idiopathic" DCM. Current hypotheses regarding causes of "idiopathic" DCM focus on myocarditis induced by enterovirus and subsequent autoimmune myocardium impairments. Antibodies to the beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1AR), which are detected in a substantial number of patients with "idiopathic" DCM, may increase the concentration of intracellular cAMP and intracellular Ca2+, a condition often leading to a transient hyper-performance of the heart followed by depressed heart function and heart failure.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
Pathway map
hsa05414  Dilated cardiomyopathy
hsa05414

Disease
H00294  Dilated cardiomyopathy
Drug
D00255  Carvedilol (JP18/USP/INN)
D00634  Bisoprolol fumarate (JP18/USP)
D03415  Carvedilol phosphate (USAN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
3672  ITGA1; integrin subunit alpha 1 [KO:K06480]
3673  ITGA2; integrin subunit alpha 2 [KO:K06481]
3674  ITGA2B; integrin subunit alpha 2b [KO:K06476]
3675  ITGA3; integrin subunit alpha 3 [KO:K06482]
3676  ITGA4; integrin subunit alpha 4 [KO:K06483]
3678  ITGA5; integrin subunit alpha 5 [KO:K06484]
3655  ITGA6; integrin subunit alpha 6 [KO:K06485]
3679  ITGA7; integrin subunit alpha 7 [KO:K06583]
8516  ITGA8; integrin subunit alpha 8 [KO:K06584]
3680  ITGA9; integrin subunit alpha 9 [KO:K06585]
8515  ITGA10; integrin subunit alpha 10 [KO:K06586]
22801  ITGA11; integrin subunit alpha 11 [KO:K06587]
3685  ITGAV; integrin subunit alpha V [KO:K06487]
3688  ITGB1; integrin subunit beta 1 [KO:K05719]
3690  ITGB3; integrin subunit beta 3 [KO:K06493]
3691  ITGB4; integrin subunit beta 4 [KO:K06525]
3693  ITGB5; integrin subunit beta 5 [KO:K06588]
3694  ITGB6; integrin subunit beta 6 [KO:K06589]
3695  ITGB7; integrin subunit beta 7 [KO:K06590]
3696  ITGB8; integrin subunit beta 8 [KO:K06591]
8082  SSPN; sarcospan [KO:K22194]
6442  SGCA; sarcoglycan alpha [KO:K12565]
6443  SGCB; sarcoglycan beta [KO:K12566]
6445  SGCG; sarcoglycan gamma [KO:K12564]
6444  SGCD; sarcoglycan delta [KO:K12563]
8910  SGCE; sarcoglycan epsilon [KO:K27061]
137868  SGCZ; sarcoglycan zeta [KO:K27062]
284217  LAMA1; laminin subunit alpha 1 [KO:K05637]
3908  LAMA2; laminin subunit alpha 2 [KO:K05637]
1605  DAG1; dystroglycan 1 [KO:K06265]
859  CAV3; caveolin 3 [KO:K12959]
4842  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase 1 [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
6640  SNTA1; syntrophin alpha 1 [KO:K24063]
6645  SNTB2; syntrophin beta 2 [KO:K24064]
6641  SNTB1; syntrophin beta 1 [KO:K24064]
1837  DTNA; dystrobrevin alpha [KO:K26998]
1756  DMD; dystrophin [KO:K10366]
1674  DES; desmin [KO:K07610]
71  ACTG1; actin gamma 1 [KO:K05692]
60  ACTB; actin beta [KO:K05692]
7273  TTN; titin [KO:K12567] [EC:2.7.11.1]
7139  TNNT2; troponin T2, cardiac type [KO:K12045]
7134  TNNC1; troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type [KO:K05865]
7137  TNNI3; troponin I3, cardiac type [KO:K12044]
70  ACTC1; actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 [KO:K12314]
7168  TPM1; tropomyosin 1 [KO:K10373]
7169  TPM2; tropomyosin 2 [KO:K10374]
7170  TPM3; tropomyosin 3 [KO:K09290]
7171  TPM4; tropomyosin 4 [KO:K10375]
4607  MYBPC3; myosin binding protein C3 [KO:K12568]
4634  MYL3; myosin light chain 3 [KO:K12749]
4633  MYL2; myosin light chain 2 [KO:K10351]
4625  MYH7; myosin heavy chain 7 [KO:K17751]
4624  MYH6; myosin heavy chain 6 [KO:K17751]
2010  EMD; emerin [KO:K12569]
4000  LMNA; lamin A/C [KO:K12641]
102723407  IGH; immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-38-2-like [KO:K06856]
153  ADRB1; adrenoceptor beta 1 [KO:K04141]
2778  GNAS; GNAS complex locus [KO:K04632]
107  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
108  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
196883  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
111  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
112  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
113  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
115  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
5566  PRKACA; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
5567  PRKACB; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
5568  PRKACG; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
775  CACNA1C; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C [KO:K04850]
776  CACNA1D; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D [KO:K04851]
778  CACNA1F; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F [KO:K04853]
779  CACNA1S; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S [KO:K04857]
782  CACNB1; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 1 [KO:K04862]
783  CACNB2; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2 [KO:K04863]
784  CACNB3; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 3 [KO:K04864]
785  CACNB4; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 4 [KO:K04865]
781  CACNA2D1; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1 [KO:K04858]
9254  CACNA2D2; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2 [KO:K04859]
55799  CACNA2D3; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3 [KO:K04860]
93589  CACNA2D4; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 4 [KO:K04861]
786  CACNG1; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1 [KO:K04866]
10369  CACNG2; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 2 [KO:K04867]
10368  CACNG3; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 3 [KO:K04868]
27092  CACNG4; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4 [KO:K04869]
27091  CACNG5; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 5 [KO:K04870]
59285  CACNG6; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 6 [KO:K04871]
59284  CACNG7; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 7 [KO:K04872]
59283  CACNG8; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 8 [KO:K04873]
6262  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
487  ATP2A1; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
489  ATP2A3; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 3 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
488  ATP2A2; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
5350  PLN; phospholamban [KO:K05852]
6546  SLC8A1; solute carrier family 8 member A1 [KO:K05849]
6543  SLC8A2; solute carrier family 8 member A2 [KO:K05849]
6547  SLC8A3; solute carrier family 8 member A3 [KO:K05849]
3479  IGF1; insulin like growth factor 1 [KO:K05459]
7040  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta 1 [KO:K13375]
7042  TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta 2 [KO:K13376]
7043  TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta 3 [KO:K13377]
7124  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
183  AGT; angiotensinogen [KO:K09821]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01330  Sodium cation
Reference
PMID:12270949
  Authors
Fatkin D, Graham RM
  Title
Molecular mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 82:945-80 (2002)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00012.2002
Reference
PMID:18672201
  Authors
Lappe JM, Pelfrey CM, Tang WH
  Title
Recent insights into the role of autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
J Card Fail 14:521-30 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.02.016
Reference
PMID:19273156
  Authors
Zhao P, Sharma AC, Ren J
  Title
Pathogenesis and therapy of autoimmunity-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Front Biosci 14:1708-15 (2009)
DOI:10.2741/3334
Reference
PMID:11716909
  Authors
Franz WM, Muller OJ, Katus HA
  Title
Cardiomyopathies: from genetics to the prospect of treatment.
  Journal
Lancet 358:1627-37 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06657-0
Reference
PMID:11805847
  Authors
Towbin JA, Bowles NE
  Title
The failing heart.
  Journal
Nature 415:227-33 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415227a
Reference
PMID:19017683
  Authors
Luk A, Ahn E, Soor GS, Butany J
  Title
Dilated cardiomyopathy: a review.
  Journal
J Clin Pathol 62:219-25 (2009)
DOI:10.1136/jcp.2008.060731
Reference
PMID:19246813
  Authors
Yoshikawa T, Baba A, Nagatomo Y
  Title
Autoimmune mechanisms underlying dilated cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Circ J 73:602-7 (2009)
DOI:10.1253/circj.CJ-08-1151
Reference
PMID:14522402
  Authors
Mason JW
  Title
Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
  Journal
Cardiovasc Res 60:5-10 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00437-1
Reference
PMID:15146239
  Authors
Jahns R, Boivin V, Hein L, Triebel S, Angermann CE, Ertl G, Lohse MJ
  Title
Direct evidence for a beta 1-adrenergic receptor-directed autoimmune attack as a cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 113:1419-29 (2004)
DOI:10.1172/JCI20149
Reference
PMID:11524405
  Authors
Liu PP, Mason JW
  Title
Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
  Journal
Circulation 104:1076-82 (2001)
DOI:10.1161/hc3401.095198
Reference
PMID:16817756
  Authors
Tam PE
  Title
Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
  Journal
Viral Immunol 19:133-46 (2006)
DOI:10.1089/vim.2006.19.133
Related
pathway
hsa04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
hsa04350  TGF-beta signaling pathway
hsa04512  ECM-receptor interaction
hsa04614  Renin-angiotensin system
hsa05416  Viral myocarditis
KO pathway
ko05414   

  All links  
Disease (1)   
   KEGG DISEASE (1)   
Genome (1)   
   KEGG GENOME (1)   
Gene (105)   
   KEGG GENES (105)   
All databases (107)   

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