| Entry |
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| Name |
Sulfur relay system
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| Description |
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are signalling messengers that control many cellular functions, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. It is suggested that Ub-protein modification evolved from prokaryotic sulfurtransfer systems. Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and thiamin are sulfur-containing cofactors whose biosynthesis includes a key sulfur transfer step that uses unique sulfur carrier proteins, MoaD and ThiS. Ubiquitin, MoaD, and ThiS are all structurally related proteins whose C-termini are activated through adenylation by homologous E1-like enzymes. s2T biosynthesis may share similar chemistry with Moco and thiamin synthesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Urm1 and Uba4 function as part of a ubl protein conjugation system, though they have sequence homology to bacterial sulfur-transfer enzymes and the ability to function in sulfur transfer.
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| Class |
Genetic Information Processing; Folding, sorting and degradation
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| Pathway map |
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| Disease |
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| Orthology |
| | | | | ubiquitin related modifier 1 | | adenylyltransferase and sulfurtransferase | | cytoplasmic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 1 [EC:2.7.7.-] | | cytoplasmic tRNA 2-thiolation protein 2 | | alkyl hydroperoxide reductase 1 [EC: 1.11.1.15] | | tRNA 2-thiouridine synthesizing protein A [EC:2.8.1.-] | | tRNA 2-thiouridine synthesizing protein B | | tRNA 2-thiouridine synthesizing protein C | | tRNA 2-thiouridine synthesizing protein D [EC:2.8.1.-] | | tRNA 2-thiouridine synthesizing protein E [EC:2.8.1.-] | | tRNA-specific 2-thiouridylase [EC:2.8.1.-] | | molybdopterin synthase catalytic subunit [EC:2.-.-.-] | | molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein | | molybdopterin synthase sulfur carrier subunit | | molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein C | | molybdopterin adenylyltransferase [EC: 2.7.7.75] | | thiamine biosynthesis protein ThiI | | sulfur carrier protein | | sulfur carrier protein ThiS adenylyltransferase [EC: 2.7.7.73] |
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| Compound |
| S-Adenosyl-L-methionine | | L-Alanine | | GTP | | L-Cysteine | | Thiamine | | tRNA uridine | | Molybdopterin | | tRNA containing 2-thiouridine | | Molybdoenzyme molybdenum cofactor | | Precursor Z |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Noma A, Sakaguchi Y, Suzuki T |
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| Title |
Mechanistic characterization of the sulfur-relay system for eukaryotic 2-thiouridine biogenesis at tRNA wobble positions. |
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| Journal |
Nucleic Acids Res 37:1335-52 (2009) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Iyer LM, Burroughs AM, Aravind L |
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| Title |
The prokaryotic antecedents of the ubiquitin-signaling system and the early evolution of ubiquitin-like beta-grasp domains. |
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| Journal |
Genome Biol 7:R60 (2006) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Schwarz G, Mendel RR, Ribbe MW |
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| Title |
Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways. |
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| Journal |
Nature 460:839-47 (2009) |
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