Toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Specific families of pattern recognition receptors are responsible for detecting microbial pathogens and generating innate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are membrane-bound receptors identified as homologs of Toll in Drosophila. Mammalian TLRs are expressed on innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and respond to the membrane components of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Pathogen recognition by TLRs provokes rapid activation of innate immunity by inducing production of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of costimulatory molecules. TLR signaling pathways are separated into two groups: a MyD88-dependent pathway that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines with quick activation of NF-{kappa}B and MAPK, and a MyD88-independent pathway associated with the induction of IFN-beta and IFN-inducible genes, and maturation of dendritic cells with slow activation of NF-{kappa}B and MAPK.

Organismal Systems; Immune system

PMID:17275323

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Nat Rev Immunol 7:353-64 (2007)

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Nat Rev Immunol 6:644-58 (2006)

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Mol Immunol 40:861-8 (2004)

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Molecular Medicine 40:194-200 (2003)

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J Immunol 170:5165-75 (2003)

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Semin Immunol 16:55-67 (2004)

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Immunol Cell Biol : (2007)

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Loniewski KJ, Patial S, Parameswaran N.

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Mol Immunol 44:3715-23 (2007)

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Toll-like receptor 2-mediated NF-kappa B activation requires a Rac1-dependent pathway.

Nat Immunol 1:533-40 (2000)

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J Mol Med 84:712-25 (2006)