Nitrogen metabolism

The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions. In biological world, nitrogen is found in varying oxidation states from nitrate (the most oxidized form) to ammonia (the most reduced form). Gaseous nitrogen cannot be absorbed and used as a nutrient by plants and animals. It must first be converted to ammonia by microorganisms, so that it can enter the ecological chain as part of the nitrogen cycle. The core nitrogen cycle involves four reduction pathways and two oxidation pathways. Nitrogen fixation [MD:M00175] is the process of reducing atmospheric molecular nitrogen to ammonia, a biologically useful reduced form incorporated into the amino acids and other vital compounds. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotroph). Assimilatory nitrate reduction [MD:M00531] is the biological conversion of nitrite or nitrate to ammonia. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction includes two different processes: denitrification [MD:M00529] and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium [MD:M00530]. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions. As a consequence, gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) are produced to the atmosphere. Denitrifying organisms are found among bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, but mainly in heterotrophic microorganism. The two oxidation pathways are anammox and nitrification [MD:M00528]. Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) is a recently discovered biochemical process of oxidizing ammonium into dinitrogen gas using nitrite as an electron acceptor. It is catabolized in the anammoxosome that is a membrane bound compartment inside the cytoplasm. Planctomycetes (e.g., K. stuttgartiensis), known chemolithoautotroph, performs this anammox process. Nitrification is the biological conversion of ammonia to nitrite or nitrate. Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (e.g., Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus) oxidize ammonia with oxygen into nitrite and, following this metabolic process, nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms (e.g., Nitrobacter) oxidize nitrite into nitrate under an aerobic condition. These chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms use ammonia or nitrite as a respiratory substance and use electrons from the oxidation of compounds to produce energy.

Metabolism; Energy metabolism

PMID:14702404

Scott JD, Ludwig RA

Azorhizobium caulinodans electron-transferring flavoprotein N electrochemically couples pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity to N2 fixation.

Microbiology 150:117-26 (2004)

PMID:17408485

Kneip C, Lockhart P, Voss C, Maier UG

Nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes--new models for symbiosis.

BMC Evol Biol 7:55 (2007)

PMID:11004450

Whittaker M, Bergmann D, Arciero D, Hooper AB

Electron transfer during the oxidation of ammonia by the chemolithotrophic bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea.

Biochim Biophys Acta 1459:346-55 (2000)

PMID:15528644

Cabello P, Roldan MD, Moreno-Vivian C

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Microbiology 150:3527-46 (2004)

PMID:11921398

Stolz JF, Basu P

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Chembiochem 3:198-206 (2002)

PMID:18021072

Morozkina EV, Zvyagilskaya RA

Nitrate reductases: structure, functions, and effect of stress factors.

Biochemistry (Mosc) 72:1151-60 (2007)

PMID:19247843

Jetten MS, Niftrik L, Strous M, Kartal B, Keltjens JT, Op den Camp HJ

Biochemistry and molecular biology of anammox bacteria.

Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 44:65-84 (2009)

PMID:22221911

Luesken FA, Wu ML, Op den Camp HJ, Keltjens JT, Stunnenberg H, Francoijs KJ, Strous M, Jetten MS

Effect of oxygen on the anaerobic methanotroph 'Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera': kinetic and transcriptional analysis.

Environ Microbiol 14:1024-34 (2012)