KEGG PATHWAY: hsa05320

PATHWAY: hsa05320

Entry

hsa05320 Pathway

Name

Autoimmune thyroid disease - Homo sapiens (human)

Description

The classification of autoimmune throid disease (AITD) includes Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and its variants, Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis or primary myxedema. HT is characterized by the presence of goitre, thyroid autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) in serum and varying degrees of thyroid dysfunction. During HT, self-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes (Th) recruit B cells and CD8+ T cells (CTL) into the thyroid. Disease progression leads to the death of thyroid cells and hypothyroidism. Both autoantibodies and thyroid-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been proposed to be responsible for autoimmune thyrocyte depletion. In GD, the TSH-R is the most important autoantigen. Antibodies directed against it mimic the effects of the hormone on thyroid cells, TSH, stimulating autonomous production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and causing hyperthyroidism. The presence of TSH-R-blocking antibodies that bind the TSH receptor in a similar fashion to the antibodies in patients with Grave's disease but that block rather than activate the receptor explains some cases of atrophic hypothyroidism.

Class

Human Diseases; Immune diseases

Pathway map

hsa05320

Autoimmune thyroid disease

Disease

H00081	Hashimoto's thyroiditis
H00082	Graves' disease

Drug

D00401	Thiamazole (JP16/INN)
D00562	Propylthiouracil (JP16/USP/INN)
D07231	Methylthiouracil (INN)
D07519	Benzylthiouracil

Organism

Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]

Gene

3439	IFNA1; interferon, alpha 1 [KO:K05414]
3440	IFNA2; interferon, alpha 2 [KO:K05414]
3441	IFNA4; interferon, alpha 4 [KO:K05414]
3442	IFNA5; interferon, alpha 5 [KO:K05414]
3443	IFNA6; interferon, alpha 6 [KO:K05414]
3444	IFNA7; interferon, alpha 7 [KO:K05414]
3445	IFNA8; interferon, alpha 8 [KO:K05414]
3446	IFNA10; interferon, alpha 10 [KO:K05414]
3447	IFNA13; interferon, alpha 13 [KO:K05414]
3448	IFNA14; interferon, alpha 14 [KO:K05414]
3449	IFNA16; interferon, alpha 16 [KO:K05414]
3451	IFNA17; interferon, alpha 17 [KO:K05414]
3452	IFNA21; interferon, alpha 21 [KO:K05414]
1493	CTLA4; cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [KO:K06538]
7173	TPO; thyroid peroxidase [KO:K00431] [EC:1.11.1.8]
7038	TG; thyroglobulin [KO:K10809]
3108	HLA-DMA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha [KO:K06752]
3109	HLA-DMB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta [KO:K06752]
3111	HLA-DOA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO alpha [KO:K06752]
3112	HLA-DOB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO beta [KO:K06752]
3113	HLA-DPA1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1 [KO:K06752]
3115	HLA-DPB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta 1 [KO:K06752]
3117	HLA-DQA1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1 [KO:K06752]
3118	HLA-DQA2; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 2 [KO:K06752]
3119	HLA-DQB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 [KO:K06752]
3122	HLA-DRA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha [KO:K06752]
3123	HLA-DRB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 [KO:K06752]
3125	HLA-DRB3; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 3 [KO:K06752]
3126	HLA-DRB4; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4 [KO:K06752]
3127	HLA-DRB5; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5 [KO:K06752]
100507709	HLA class II histocompatibility antigen; K06752 major histocompatibility complex, class II [KO:K06752]
100507714	HLA class II histocompatibility antigen; K06752 major histocompatibility complex, class II [KO:K06752]
100509457	HLA class II histocompatibility antigen; K06752 major histocompatibility complex, class II [KO:K06752]
101060835	HLA class II histocompatibility antigen; K06752 major histocompatibility complex, class II [KO:K06752]
941	CD80; CD80 molecule [KO:K05412]
942	CD86; CD86 molecule [KO:K05413]
940	CD28; CD28 molecule [KO:K06470]
3558	IL2; interleukin 2 [KO:K05429]
3105	HLA-A; major histocompatibility complex, class I, A [KO:K06751]
3106	HLA-B; major histocompatibility complex, class I, B [KO:K06751]
3107	HLA-C; major histocompatibility complex, class I, C [KO:K06751]
3134	HLA-F; major histocompatibility complex, class I, F [KO:K06751]
3135	HLA-G; major histocompatibility complex, class I, G [KO:K06751]
3133	HLA-E; major histocompatibility complex, class I, E [KO:K06751]
356	FASLG; Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) [KO:K04389]
355	FAS; Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6) [KO:K04390]
5551	PRF1; perforin 1 (pore forming protein) [KO:K07818]
3002	GZMB; granzyme B (granzyme 2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 1) [KO:K01353] [EC:3.4.21.79]
959	CD40LG; CD40 ligand [KO:K03161]
958	CD40; CD40 molecule, TNF receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160]
3565	IL4; interleukin 4 [KO:K05430]
3567	IL5; interleukin 5 (colony-stimulating factor, eosinophil) [KO:K05428]
3586	IL10; interleukin 10 [KO:K05443]
7253	TSHR; thyroid stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04249]
1081	CGA; glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide [KO:K08522]
7252	TSHB; thyroid stimulating hormone, beta [KO:K05251]

Compound

C01382	Iodine
C01829	Thyroxine
C02465	Triiodothyronine
D00636	Amiodarone hydrochloride (JP16/USAN)

Reference

PMID:15049952

Authors

Fountoulakis S, Tsatsoulis A.

Title

On the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease: a unifying hypothesis.

Journal

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:397-409 (2004)

Reference

PMID:15762980

Authors

Chistiakov DA.

Title

Immunogenetics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Journal

J Autoimmune Dis 2:1 (2005)

Reference

PMID:9534029

Authors

McIver B, Morris JC.

Title

The pathogenesis of Graves' disease.

Journal

Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 27:73-89 (1998)

Reference

PMID:11913070

Authors

Stassi G, De Maria R.

Title

Autoimmune thyroid disease: new models of cell death in autoimmunity.

Journal

Nat Rev Immunol 2:195-204 (2002)

Reference

PMID:12192541

Authors

Collins J, Gough S.

Title

Autoimmunity in thyroid disease.

Journal

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 Suppl 2:S417-24 (2002)

Reference

PMID:11396701

Authors

Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA.

Title

Iodine and thyroid autoimmune disease in animal models.

Journal

Thyroid 11:427-36 (2001)

Reference

PMID:17192582

Authors

Tsatsoulis A.

Title

The role of stress in the clinical expression of thyroid autoimmunity.

Journal

Ann N Y Acad Sci 1088:382-95 (2006)

Reference

PMID:15132715

Authors

Prummel MF, Strieder T, Wiersinga WM.

Title

The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Journal

Eur J Endocrinol 150:605-18 (2004)

Reference

PMID:11577986

Authors

Kopp P.

Title

The TSH receptor and its role in thyroid disease.

Journal

Cell Mol Life Sci 58:1301-22 (2001)

KO pathway

ko05320

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Ontology (3)   
   KEGG BRITE (3)   
Pathway (1)   
   BioSystems (1)   
Disease (2)   
   KEGG DISEASE (2)   
Drug (4)   
   KEGG DRUG (4)   
Genome (1)   
   KEGG GENOME (1)   
Gene (56)   
   KEGG GENES (56)   
All databases (67)   

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