| Entry |
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| Name |
African trypanosomiasis
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| Description |
Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite responsible for African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), are spread by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasites are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and cause neurological damage by inducing cytokines like TNF alpha, IFN gamma, and IL1. These cytokines and other metabolites such as nitric oxide and somnogenic prostaglandin D2 disturb circadian rhythms in patients with African trypanosomiasis.
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| Class |
Human Diseases; Infectious diseases
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| Pathway map |
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| Disease |
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| Orthology |
| variant surface glycoprotein | | immunoglobulin heavy chain | | toll-like receptor 9 | | myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 | | T-lymphocyte triggering factor | | | | | | | | cysteine peptidase B [EC:3.4.22.-] | | inhibitor of cysteine peptidase | | apolipoprotein A-I | | haptoglobin-related protein | | hemoglobin subunit alpha | | hemoglobin subunit beta | | haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor | | interleukin 10 | | interleukin 12A | | interleukin 12B | | interleukin 18 | | interferon gamma | | tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 2 | | interleukin 1 beta | | interleukin 6 | | tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 | | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 | | procyclin | | vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 | | selectin, endothelial cell | | intercellular adhesion molecule 1 | | laminin, alpha 4 | | | | coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 | | guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha | | phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, beta [EC: 3.1.4.11] | | |
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| Compound |
| Calcium cation | | L-Tryptophan | | Diacylglycerol | | Bradykinin | | L-Kynurenine | | Nitric oxide | | Prostaglandin E2 | | Prostaglandin D2 | | D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate | | Atrial natriuretic peptide |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Antoine-Moussiaux N, Buscher P, Desmecht D |
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| Title |
Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy. |
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| Journal |
Infect Immun 77:1276-84 (2009) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Enanga B, Burchmore RJ, Stewart ML, Barrett MP |
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| Title |
Sleeping sickness and the brain. |
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| Journal |
Cell Mol Life Sci 59:845-58 (2002) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Bisser S, Ouwe-Missi-Oukem-Boyer ON, Toure FS, Taoufiq Z, Bouteille B, Buguet A, Mazier D |
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| Title |
Harbouring in the brain: A focus on immune evasion mechanisms and their deleterious effects in malaria and human African trypanosomiasis. |
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| Journal |
Int J Parasitol 36:529-40 (2006) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Masocha W, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K |
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| Title |
Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier. |
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| Journal |
Physiol Behav 92:110-4 (2007) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Lonsdale-Eccles JD, Grab DJ |
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| Title |
Trypanosome hydrolases and the blood-brain barrier. |
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| Journal |
Trends Parasitol 18:17-9 (2002) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Grab DJ, Kennedy PG |
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| Title |
Traversal of human and animal trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier. |
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| Journal |
J Neurovirol 14:344-51 (2008) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Kristensson K, Nygard M, Bertini G, Bentivoglio M |
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| Title |
African trypanosome infections of the nervous system: parasite entry and effects on sleep and synaptic functions. |
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| Journal |
Prog Neurobiol 91:152-71 (2010) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Pays E, Vanhollebeke B |
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| Title |
Human innate immunity against African trypanosomes. |
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| Journal |
Curr Opin Immunol 21:493-8 (2009) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Donelson JE, Hill KL, El-Sayed NM |
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| Title |
Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion by African trypanosomes. |
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| Journal |
Mol Biochem Parasitol 91:51-66 (1998) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Grab DJ, Garcia-Garcia JC, Nikolskaia OV, Kim YV, Brown A, Pardo CA, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Wilson BA, de A Lima AP, Scharfstein J, Dumler JS |
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| Title |
Protease activated receptor signaling is required for African trypanosome traversal of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. |
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| Journal |
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e479 (2009) |
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| Reference |
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| Authors |
Vanhollebeke B, Pays E |
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| Title |
The trypanolytic factor of human serum: many ways to enter the parasite, a single way to kill. |
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| Journal |
Mol Microbiol 76:806-14 (2010) |
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