KEGG   PATHWAY: mmu04974Help
Entry
mmu04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Mus musculus (mouse)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Protein digestion and absorption
mmu04974

All organismsOrtholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse) [GN:mmu]
Gene
58803  
Pga5; pepsinogen 5, group I [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
436522  
Try10; trypsin 10 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
22072  
Prss2; protease, serine, 2 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
67373  
2210010C04Rik; RIKEN cDNA 2210010C04 gene [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
103964  
Try5; trypsin 5 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
Gm10334; predicted gene 10334 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
22074  
Try4; trypsin 4 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
73626  
1810009J06Rik; RIKEN cDNA 1810009J06 gene [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
109660  
Ctrl; chymotrypsin-like [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
13706  
Cela2a; chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
67868  
Cela3b; chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 3B [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
109697  
Cpa1; carboxypeptidase A1, pancreatic [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
232680  
Cpa2; carboxypeptidase A2, pancreatic [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
12873  
Cpa3; carboxypeptidase A3, mast cell [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
76703  
Cpb1; carboxypeptidase B1 (tissue) [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
56373  
Cpb2; carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma) [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
105243  
Slc9a3; solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 3 [KO:K12040]
56643  
Slc15a1; solute carrier family 15 (oligopeptide transporter), member 1 [KO:K14206]
11928  
Atp1a1; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 1 polypeptide [KO:K01539] [EC:3.6.3.9]
98660  
Atp1a2; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 2 polypeptide [KO:K01539] [EC:3.6.3.9]
232975  
Atp1a3; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 3 polypeptide [KO:K01539] [EC:3.6.3.9]
27222  
Atp1a4; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 4 polypeptide [KO:K01539] [EC:3.6.3.9]
67821  
Atp1b4; ATPase, (Na+)/K+ transporting, beta 4 polypeptide [KO:K01540]
11931  
Atp1b1; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 1 polypeptide [KO:K01540]
11932  
Atp1b2; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 2 polypeptide [KO:K01540]
11933  
Atp1b3; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 3 polypeptide [KO:K01540]
11936  
Fxyd2; FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 2 [KO:K01538]
16534  
Kcnn4; potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 4 [KO:K04945]
16529  
Kcnk5; potassium channel, subfamily K, member 5 [KO:K04916]
57442  
Kcne3; potassium voltage-gated channel, Isk-related subfamily, gene 3 [KO:K04897]
16535  
Kcnq1; potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily Q, member 1 [KO:K04926]
Kcnj13; potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 13 [KO:K05006]
67760  
Slc38a2; solute carrier family 38, member 2 [KO:K14207]
17380  
Mme; membrane metallo endopeptidase [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
17287  
Mep1a; meprin 1 alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
17288  
Mep1b; meprin 1 beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.18]
70008  
Ace2; angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
72461  
Prcp; prolylcarboxypeptidase (angiotensinase C) [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
13482  
Dpp4; dipeptidylpeptidase 4 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
170745  
Xpnpep2; X-prolyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase P) 2, membrane-bound [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
20510  
Slc1a1; solute carrier family 1 (neuronal/epithelial high affinity glutamate transporter, system Xag), member 1 [KO:K05612]
20514  
Slc1a5; solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5 [KO:K05616]
20541  
Slc8a1; solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 1 [KO:K05849]
110891  
Slc8a2; solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 2 [KO:K05849]
110893  
Slc8a3; solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger), member 3 [KO:K05849]
74338  
Slc6a19; solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter), member 19 [KO:K05334]
17254  
Slc3a2; solute carrier family 3 (activators of dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 2 [KO:K06519]
50934  
Slc7a8; solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 8 [KO:K13781]
72472  
Slc16a10; solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 10 [KO:K08187]
20532  
Slc3a1; solute carrier family 3, member 1 [KO:K14210]
30962  
Slc7a9; solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 9 [KO:K13868]
20540  
Slc7a7; solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 7 [KO:K13867]
13717  
Eln; elastin [KO:K14211]
12814  
Col11a1; collagen, type XI, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
12815  
Col11a2; collagen, type XI, alpha 2 [KO:K06236]
12824  
Col2a1; collagen, type II, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
12825  
Col3a1; collagen, type III, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
12831  
Col5a1; collagen, type V, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
12832  
Col5a2; collagen, type V, alpha 2 [KO:K06236]
12842  
Col1a1; collagen, type I, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
12843  
Col1a2; collagen, type I, alpha 2 [KO:K06236]
53867  
Col5a3; collagen, type V, alpha 3 [KO:K06236]
71355  
Col24a1; collagen, type XXIV, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
373864  
Col27a1; collagen, type XXVII, alpha 1 [KO:K06236]
12826  
Col4a1; collagen, type IV, alpha 1 [KO:K06237]
12827  
Col4a2; collagen, type IV, alpha 2 [KO:K06237]
12829  
Col4a4; collagen, type IV, alpha 4 [KO:K06237]
94216  
Col4a6; collagen, type IV, alpha 6 [KO:K06237]
12830  
Col4a5; collagen, type IV, alpha 5 [KO:K06237]
12828  
Col4a3; collagen, type IV, alpha 3 [KO:K06237]
12834  
Col6a2; collagen, type VI, alpha 2 [KO:K06238]
12833  
Col6a1; collagen, type VI, alpha 1 [KO:K06238]
245026  
Col6a6; collagen, type VI, alpha 6 [KO:K06238]
12835  
Col6a3; collagen, type VI, alpha 3 [KO:K06238]
68553  
Col6a4; collagen, type VI, alpha 4 [KO:K06238]
12836  
Col7a1; collagen, type VII, alpha 1 [KO:K16628]
12839  
Col9a1; collagen, type IX, alpha 1 [KO:K08131]
12840  
Col9a2; collagen, type IX, alpha 2 [KO:K08131]
12841  
Col9a3; collagen, type IX, alpha 3 [KO:K08131]
12816  
Col12a1; collagen, type XII, alpha 1 [KO:K08132]
12817  
Col13a1; collagen, type XIII, alpha 1 [KO:K16617]
12818  
Col14a1; collagen, type XIV, alpha 1 [KO:K08133]
12819  
Col15a1; collagen, type XV, alpha 1 [KO:K08135]
12821  
Col17a1; collagen, type XVII, alpha 1 [KO:K07603]
12822  
Col18a1; collagen, type XVIII, alpha 1 [KO:K06823]
69700  
Col22a1; collagen, type XXII, alpha 1 [KO:K16630]
215335  
Slc36a1; solute carrier family 36 (proton/amino acid symporter), member 1 [KO:K14209]
66473  
Ctrb1; chymotrypsinogen B1 [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
Compound
C00011  
CO2
C00014  
NH3
C00025  
L-Glutamate
C00033  
Acetate
C00037  
Glycine
C00041  
L-Alanine
C00047  
L-Lysine
C00049  
L-Aspartate
C00062  
L-Arginine
C00064  
L-Glutamine
C00065  
L-Serine
C00073  
L-Methionine
C00076  
Calcium cation
C00078  
L-Tryptophan
C00079  
L-Phenylalanine
C00080  
H+
C00082  
L-Tyrosine
C00097  
L-Cysteine
C00099  
beta-Alanine
C00123  
L-Leucine
C00134  
Putrescine
C00135  
L-Histidine
C00146  
Phenol
C00148  
L-Proline
C00152  
L-Asparagine
C00163  
Propanoate
C00183  
L-Valine
C00188  
L-Threonine
C00238  
Potassium cation
C00246  
Butanoic acid
C00282  
Hydrogen
C00388  
Histamine
C00407  
L-Isoleucine
C00463  
Indole
C00483  
Tyramine
C00491  
L-Cystine
C01327  
Hydrochloric acid
C01330  
Sodium cation
C01438  
Methane
C01468  
4-Cresol
C01672  
Cadaverine
C01746  
Piperidine
C02632  
2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  
Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  
3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  
L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  
2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
Reference
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
Reference
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
Reference
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
Reference
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
Reference
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
Reference
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
Reference
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
Reference
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
KO pathway
 
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