KEGG PATHWAY: oaa05034

PATHWAY: oaa05034

Entry

oaa05034 Pathway

Name

Alcoholism - Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus)

Description

Alcoholism, also called dependence on alcohol (ethanol), is a chronic relapsing disorder that is progressive and has serious detrimental health outcomes. As one of the primary mediators of the rewarding effects of alcohol, dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been identified. Acute exposure to alcohol stimulates dopamine release into the NAc, which activates D1 receptors, stimulating PKA signaling and subsequent CREB-mediated gene expression, whereas chronic alcohol exposure leads to an adaptive downregulation of this pathway, in particular of CREB function. The decreased CREB function in the NAc may promote the intake of drugs of abuse to achieve an increase in reward and thus may be involved in the regulation of positive affective states of addiction. PKA signaling also affects NMDA receptor activity and may play an important role in neuroadaptation in response to chronic alcohol exposure.

Class

Human Diseases; Substance dependence

Pathway map

oaa05034

Alcoholism

Other DBs

BSID:

585579

GO:

0045471

Organism

Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) [GN:oaa]

Gene

100074589	aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase-like; K01593 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.28] [KO:K01593] [EC:4.1.1.28]
100081376	SLC18A2; solute carrier family 18 (vesicular monoamine), member 2 [KO:K08155]
100073866	SLC18A1; solute carrier family 18 (vesicular monoamine), member 1 [KO:K08155]
100081953	amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B-like; K00274 monoamine oxidase [EC:1.4.3.4] [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
100082010	amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A-like; K00274 monoamine oxidase [EC:1.4.3.4] [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
100074809	sodium-dependent dopamine transporter-like; K05036 solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, dopamine) member 3 [KO:K05036]
100082705	glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit zeta-1-like; K05208 glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 [KO:K05208]
100074436	glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1-like; K05209 glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A [KO:K05209]
100090612	glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-2-like; K05210 glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B [KO:K05210]
100080844	GRIN3A; glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 3A [KO:K05213]
100081366	histone deacetylase 1-like; K06067 histone deacetylase 1/2 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100093591	histone deacetylase 2-like; K06067 histone deacetylase 1/2 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100080036	histone deacetylase 4-like; K11406 histone deacetylase 4/5 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100090183	histone deacetylase 6-like; K11407 histone deacetylase 6/10 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K11407] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100078142	histone deacetylase 10-like; K11407 histone deacetylase 6/10 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K11407] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100079804	uncharacterized LOC100079804; K11405 histone deacetylase 8 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K11405] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100083783	histone deacetylase 9-like; K11409 histone deacetylase 9 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K11409] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100089458	histone deacetylase 11-like; K11418 histone deacetylase 11 [EC:3.5.1.98] [KO:K11418] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100093173	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100084253	histone H2A type 1-E-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093191	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093245	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093170	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100090698	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093330	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100083640	histone H2A.Z-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100080622	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093161	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100089262	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100087789	histone H2A type 2-C-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093148	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100092685	histone H2A type 2-B-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100079253	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093122	histone H2A-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100085993	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100073594	core histone macro-H2A.1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100077201	core histone macro-H2A.2-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093200	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093280	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093220	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093226	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100092683	histone H2A type 2-C-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100090186	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100086273	histone H2A.x-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100076913	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100076203	histone H2A.V-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093145	histone H2A type 2-C-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100086161	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093297	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093266	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100089574	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093180	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093239	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093204	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100090440	histone H2A; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100088430	histone H2A.J-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093253	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100087504	histone H2A-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093308	histone H2A type 1-like; K11251 histone H2A [KO:K11251]
100093373	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100076942	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093278	histone H2B type 2-B-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093284	histone H2B type 2-B-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100080591	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100080175	histone H2B type 1-P-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100082161	histone H2B type 1-A-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100083732	histone H2B type 1-K-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100089126	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100089376	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100089396	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100090705	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100092588	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093121	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093142	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093150	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093270	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093301	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093349	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093353	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093356	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093365	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093370	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093382	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093481	histone H2B type 1-P-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093163	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093323	histone H2B type 1-O-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100680750	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100093337	histone H2B type 2-E-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100680802	histone H2B 7-like; K11252 histone H2B [KO:K11252]
100078536	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100080645	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100080827	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100084219	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100089366	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100089398	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100089407	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100089642	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100091606	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093137	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093165	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093168	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093176	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093188	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093198	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093216	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093224	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093237	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093260	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093263	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093293	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093313	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093328	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093334	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093340	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100077438	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100079219	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100076264	histone H3.3-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100093342	histone H3.2-like; K11253 histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100080675	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100086199	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100087494	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100089390	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100090192	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100090688	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100092203	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100092856	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093154	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093156	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093160	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093192	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093210	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093222	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093229	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093232	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093250	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093275	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093287	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093305	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100093316	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100680610	histone H4-like; K11254 histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100083979	histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit-like; K11303 histone acetyltransferase 1 [EC:2.3.1.48] [KO:K11303] [EC:2.3.1.48]
100080392	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like; K04632 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
100093143	D(2) dopamine receptor-like; K04145 dopamine receptor D2 [KO:K04145]
100075665	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like; K04630 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
100089995	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha-like; K04630 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
100074566	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha-like; K04534 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
100077049	GNB1; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 1 [KO:K04536]
100090311	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3-like; K07825 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
100073829	GNB4; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 4 [KO:K04538]
100087037	guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5-like; K04539 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
100081114	guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5-like; K04539 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
100084993	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2-like; K07826 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
100082845	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3-like; K04540 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
100092247	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5-like; K04542 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
100076953	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7-like; K04543 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
100081252	GNG10; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 10 [KO:K04545]
100078907	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12-like; K04347 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
100081920	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12-like; K04347 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
100085219	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13-like; K04547 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
100077961	guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1-like; K04548 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
100075051	adenosine receptor A2a-like; K04266 adenosine receptor A2a [KO:K04266]
100078270	uncharacterized LOC100078270; K04267 adenosine receptor A2b [KO:K04267]
100093310	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like; K05870 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
100077942	ATF2; activating transcription factor 2 [KO:K04450]
100089902	cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4-like; K04374 cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
100078176	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-like; K09048 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
100092528	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2-like; K09048 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
100076562	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1-like; K09048 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
100080655	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5-like; K09047 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
100080771	cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta-like; K09049 cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta [KO:K09049]
100081035	corticoliberin-like; K05256 corticotropin-releasing hormone [KO:K05256]
100082896	pro-neuropeptide Y-like; K05232 neuropeptide Y [KO:K05232]
100081142	brain-derived neurotrophic factor-like; K04355 brain-derived neurotrophic factor [KO:K04355]
100080080	BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor-like; K04360 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 [EC:2.7.10.1] [KO:K04360] [EC:2.7.10.1]
100081397	SHC-transforming protein 2-like; K06279 src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein C [KO:K06279]
100075806	growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-B-like; K04364 growth factor receptor-binding protein 2 [KO:K04364]
100084645	SOS2; son of sevenless homolog 2 (Drosophila) [KO:K03099]
100078989	SOS1; son of sevenless homolog 1 (Drosophila) [KO:K03099]
100085430	GTPase KRas-like; K07827 GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
100084423	serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf-like; K08845 A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1] [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100086380	serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf-like; K04365 B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1] [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100089456	RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase-like; K04366 RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1] [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100080362	dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-like; K04368 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [EC:2.7.12.2] [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100085480	mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like; K04371 extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 [EC:2.7.11.24] [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100075369	calmodulin-like; K02183 calmodulin [KO:K02183]
100085924	uncharacterized LOC100085924; K02183 calmodulin [KO:K02183]
100090590	uncharacterized LOC100090590; K07359 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase [EC:2.7.11.17] [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100082421	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV-like; K05869 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV [EC:2.7.11.17] [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100076517	calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV-like; K05869 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV [EC:2.7.11.17] [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100088109	uncharacterized LOC100088109; K15494 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B [KO:K15494]
100082915	protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B-like; K15494 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B [KO:K15494]
100074395	serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit-like; K06269 protein phosphatase 1, catalytic subunit [EC:3.1.3.16] [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
100078635	serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit-like; K06269 protein phosphatase 1, catalytic subunit [EC:3.1.3.16] [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
100092699	cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor alpha-like; K15985 cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor alpha [KO:K15985]

Compound

C00025	L-Glutamate
C00027	Hydrogen peroxide
C00076	Calcium cation
C00082	L-Tyrosine
C00212	Adenosine
C00355	3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
C00469	Ethanol
C00575	3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01161	3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetate
C03758	Dopamine

Reference

PMID:19342616

Authors

Spanagel R

Title

Alcoholism: a systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behavior.

Journal

Physiol Rev 89:649-705 (2009)

Reference

PMID:16102840

Authors

Newton PM, Messing RO

Title

Intracellular signaling pathways that regulate behavioral responses to ethanol.

Journal

Pharmacol Ther 109:227-37 (2006)

Reference

PMID:14729391

Authors

Mailliard WS, Diamond I

Title

Recent advances in the neurobiology of alcoholism: the role of adenosine.

Journal

Pharmacol Ther 101:39-46 (2004)

Reference

PMID:16278489

Authors

Ron D, Jurd R

Title

The "ups and downs" of signaling cascades in addiction.

Journal

Sci STKE 2005:re14 (2005)

Reference

PMID:12605085

Authors

Diana M, Brodie M, Muntoni A, Puddu MC, Pillolla G, Steffensen S, Spiga S, Little HJ

Title

Enduring effects of chronic ethanol in the CNS: basis for alcoholism.

Journal

Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27:354-61 (2003)

Reference

PMID:19756388

Authors

Moonat S, Starkman BG, Sakharkar A, Pandey SC

Title

Neuroscience of alcoholism: molecular and cellular mechanisms.

Journal

Cell Mol Life Sci 67:73-88 (2010)

Reference

PMID:15500908

Authors

Pandey SC

Title

The gene transcription factor cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein: role in positive and negative affective states of alcohol addiction.

Journal

Pharmacol Ther 104:47-58 (2004)

Reference

PMID:16764827

Authors

Zhang TA, Maldve RE, Morrisett RA

Title

Coincident signaling in mesolimbic structures underlying alcohol reinforcement.

Journal

Biochem Pharmacol 72:919-27 (2006)

Reference

PMID:12068305

Authors

Maldve RE, Zhang TA, Ferrani-Kile K, Schreiber SS, Lippmann MJ, Snyder GL, Fienberg AA, Leslie SW, Gonzales RA, Morrisett RA

Title

DARPP-32 and regulation of the ethanol sensitivity of NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens.

Journal

Nat Neurosci 5:641-8 (2002)

Reference

PMID:12085089

Authors

Lovinger DM

Title

NMDA receptors lose their inhibitions.

Journal

Nat Neurosci 5:614-6 (2002)

Reference

PMID:16776597

Authors

Hyman SE, Malenka RC, Nestler EJ

Title

Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory.

Journal

Annu Rev Neurosci 29:565-98 (2006)

Reference

PMID:10774721

Authors

Berke JD, Hyman SE

Title

Addiction, dopamine, and the molecular mechanisms of memory.

Journal

Neuron 25:515-32 (2000)

Reference

PMID:20729980

Authors

Clapp P, Bhave SV, Hoffman PL

Title

How Adaptation of the Brain to Alcohol Leads to Dependence: A Pharmacological Perspective.

Journal

Alcohol Res Health 31:310-339 (2008)

Reference

PMID:20947635

Authors

Jeanes ZM, Buske TR, Morrisett RA

Title

In vivo chronic intermittent ethanol exposure reverses the polarity of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens shell.

Journal

J Pharmacol Exp Ther 336:155-64 (2011)

Reference

PMID:18991950

Authors

Lee AM, Messing RO

Title

Protein kinases and addiction.

Journal

Ann N Y Acad Sci 1141:22-57 (2008)

Reference

PMID:17270154

Authors

Repunte-Canonigo V, Lutjens R, van der Stap LD, Sanna PP

Title

Increased expression of protein kinase A inhibitor alpha (PKI-alpha) and decreased PKA-regulated genes in chronic intermittent alcohol exposure.

Journal

Brain Res 1138:48-56 (2007)

Reference

PMID:18310464

Authors

Logrip ML, Janak PH, Ron D

Title

Dynorphin is a downstream effector of striatal BDNF regulation of ethanol intake.

Journal

FASEB J 22:2393-404 (2008)

Reference

PMID:18616668

Authors

Shukla SD, Velazquez J, French SW, Lu SC, Ticku MK, Zakhari S

Title

Emerging role of epigenetics in the actions of alcohol.

Journal

Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32:1525-34 (2008)

Reference

PMID:19077056

Authors

Pascual M, Boix J, Felipo V, Guerri C

Title

Repeated alcohol administration during adolescence causes changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and promotes alcohol intake in the adult rat.

Journal

J Neurochem 108:920-31 (2009)

Reference

PMID:20626732

Authors

Li J, Cheng Y, Bian W, Liu X, Zhang C, Ye JH

Title

Region-specific induction of FosB/DeltaFosB by voluntary alcohol intake: effects of naltrexone.

Journal

Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34:1742-50 (2010)

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