KEGG   PATHWAY: psi00920
Entry
psi00920                    Pathway                                
Name
Sulfur metabolism - Providencia stuartii MRSN 2154
Description
Sulfur is an essential element for life and the metabolism of organic sulfur compounds plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfur occurs in various oxidation states ranging from +6 in sulfate to -2 in sulfide (H2S). Sulfate reduction can occur in both an energy consuming assimilatory pathway and an energy producing dissimilatory pathway. The assimilatory pathway, which is found in a wide range of organisms, produces reduced sulfur compounds for the biosynthesis of S-containing amino acids and does not lead to direct excretion of sulfide. In the dissimilatory pathway, which is restricted to obligatory anaerobic bacterial and archaeal lineages, sulfate (or sulfur) is the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain producing large quantities of inorganic sulfide. Both pathways start from the activation of sulfate by reaction with ATP to form adenylyl sulfate (APS). In the assimilatory pathway [MD:M00176] APS is converted to 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) and then reduced to sulfite, and sulfite is further reduced to sulfide by the assimilatory sulfite reductase. In the dissimilatory pathway [MD:M00596] APS is directly reduced to sulfite, and sulfite is further reduced to sulfide by the dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The capacity for oxidation of sulfur is quite widespread among bacteria and archaea, comprising phototrophs and chemolithoautotrophs. The SOX (sulfur-oxidation) system [MD:M00595] is a well-known sulfur oxidation pathway and is found in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis with reduced sulfur compounds such as sulfide and elemental sulfur, as well as thiosulfate (in some species with the SOX system), as the electron donor for photoautotrophic growth. In some chemolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers (such as Thiobacillus denitrificans), it has been suggested that dissimilatory sulfur reduction enzymes operate in the reverse direction, forming a sulfur oxidation pathway from sulfite to APS and then to sulfate.
Class
Metabolism; Energy metabolism
Pathway map
psi00920  Sulfur metabolism
psi00920

Module
psi_M00021  Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:psi00920]
psi_M00176  Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:psi00920]
Other DBs
GO: 0006790
Organism
Providencia stuartii MRSN 2154 [GN:psi]
Gene
S70_02885  thiosulfate transporter subunit [KO:K02048]
S70_11030  sulfate transporter subunit [KO:K23163]
S70_02875  sulfate/thiosulfate transporter subunit [KO:K02046]
S70_02870  cysW; sulfate/thiosulfate transporter permease subunit [KO:K02047]
S70_02865  sulfate/thiosulfate transporter subunit [KO:K02045] [EC:7.3.2.3]
S70_01490  aliphatic sulfonates family ABC transporter, periplasmic ligand-binding protein [KO:K15553]
S70_01505  alkanesulfonate transporter permease [KO:K15554]
S70_01500  ssuB; aliphatic sulfonates transport ATP-binding subunit [KO:K15555] [EC:7.6.2.14]
S70_01495  alkanesulfonate monooxygenase, FMNH(2)-dependent [KO:K04091] [EC:1.14.14.5 1.14.14.34]
S70_01510  NAD(P)H-dependent FMN reductase [KO:K00299] [EC:1.5.1.38]
S70_05645  cysN; sulfate adenylyltransferase subunit 1 [KO:K00956] [EC:2.7.7.4]
S70_05650  sulfate adenylyltransferase subunit 2 [KO:K00957] [EC:2.7.7.4]
S70_05640  adenylylsulfate kinase [KO:K00860] [EC:2.7.1.25]
S70_11985  adenosine-3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase [KO:K01082] [EC:3.1.3.7]
S70_05690  phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase [KO:K00390] [EC:1.8.4.8 1.8.4.10]
S70_05700  cysJ; sulfite reductase subunit alpha [KO:K00380] [EC:1.8.1.2]
S70_05695  sulfite reductase subunit beta [KO:K00381] [EC:1.8.1.2]
S70_05735  oxidoreductase [KO:K17218] [EC:1.8.5.4]
S70_17775  tetrathionate reductase subunit A [KO:K08357]
S70_17765  tetrathionate reductase subunit B [KO:K08358]
S70_17770  tetrathionate reductase subunit C [KO:K08359]
S70_16020  3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]
S70_09265  Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase glpE [KO:K02439] [EC:2.8.1.1]
S70_10900  cysE; serine acetyltransferase [KO:K00640] [EC:2.3.1.30]
S70_02825  cysteine synthase [KO:K01738] [EC:2.5.1.47]
S70_08480  homoserine O-succinyltransferase [KO:K00651] [EC:2.3.1.46 2.3.1.31]
S70_11205  cystathionine gamma-synthase [KO:K01739] [EC:2.5.1.48]
S70_01960  anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit A [KO:K07306] [EC:1.8.5.3]
S70_12800  anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit A [KO:K07306] [EC:1.8.5.3]
S70_01965  dimethylsulfoxide reductase, chain B [KO:K07307]
S70_12805  hypothetical protein [KO:K07307]
S70_01975  anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit C [KO:K07308]
S70_12810  DMSO reductase anchor subunit DmsC [KO:K07308]
Compound
C00033  Acetate
C00042  Succinate
C00053  3'-Phosphoadenylyl sulfate
C00054  Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate
C00059  Sulfate
C00065  L-Serine
C00084  Acetaldehyde
C00087  Sulfur
C00094  Sulfite
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00155  L-Homocysteine
C00224  Adenylyl sulfate
C00245  Taurine
C00263  L-Homoserine
C00283  Hydrogen sulfide
C00320  Thiosulfate
C00409  Methanethiol
C00580  Dimethyl sulfide
C00979  O-Acetyl-L-serine
C01118  O-Succinyl-L-homoserine
C01861  Trithionate
C02084  Tetrathionate
C03920  2-(Methylthio)ethanesulfonate
C04022  S,S-Dimethyl-beta-propiothetin
C08276  3-(Methylthio)propanoate
C11142  Dimethyl sulfone
C11143  Dimethyl sulfoxide
C11145  Methanesulfonic acid
C15521  Alkanesulfonate
C17267  S-Sulfanylglutathione
C19692  Polysulfide
C20870  3-(Methylthio)propanoyl-CoA
C20955  3-(Methylthio)acryloyl-CoA
C22834  Protein-trisulfide
Reference
  Authors
Grein F, Ramos AR, Venceslau SS, Pereira IA
  Title
Unifying concepts in anaerobic respiration: Insights from dissimilatory sulfur metabolism.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1827:145-60 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.09.001
Reference
  Authors
Fauque GD, Barton LL
  Title
Hemoproteins in dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes.
  Journal
Adv Microb Physiol 60:1-90 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-398264-3.00001-2
Reference
  Authors
Sakurai H, Ogawa T, Shiga M, Inoue K
  Title
Inorganic sulfur oxidizing system in green sulfur bacteria.
  Journal
Photosynth Res 104:163-76 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s11120-010-9531-2
Reference
  Authors
Falkenby LG, Szymanska M, Holkenbrink C, Habicht KS, Andersen JS, Miller M, Frigaard NU
  Title
Quantitative proteomics of Chlorobaculum tepidum: insights into the sulfur metabolism of a phototrophic green sulfur bacterium.
  Journal
FEMS Microbiol Lett 323:142-50 (2011)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02370.x
Reference
  Authors
Gregersen LH, Bryant DA, Frigaard NU
  Title
Mechanisms and evolution of oxidative sulfur metabolism in green sulfur bacteria.
  Journal
Front Microbiol 2:116 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00116
Reference
  Authors
Beller HR, Chain PS, Letain TE, Chakicherla A, Larimer FW, Richardson PM, Coleman MA, Wood AP, Kelly DP.
  Title
The genome sequence of the obligately chemolithoautotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 188:1473-88 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JB.188.4.1473-1488.2006
Reference
PMID:9695921
  Authors
Pott AS, Dahl C
  Title
Sirohaem sulfite reductase and other proteins encoded by genes at the dsr locus of Chromatium vinosum are involved in the oxidation of intracellular sulfur.
  Journal
Microbiology 144 ( Pt 7):1881-94 (1998)
DOI:10.1099/00221287-144-7-1881
Reference
  Authors
Frigaard NU, Dahl C
  Title
Sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria.
  Journal
Adv Microb Physiol 54:103-200 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)00002-7
Related
pathway
psi00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
psi00270  Cysteine and methionine metabolism
psi00680  Methane metabolism
KO pathway
ko00920   

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