KEGG ENZYME: 4.2.2.3

ENZYME: 4.2.2.3

Entry

EC 4.2.2.3                  Enzyme

Name

mannuronate-specific alginate lyase;
alginate lyase I;
alginate lyase;
alginase I;
alginase II;
alginase;
poly(beta-D-1,4-mannuronide) lyase;
poly(beta-D-mannuronate) lyase;
aly (gene name) (ambiguous);
poly[(1->4)-beta-D-mannuronide] lyase

Class

Lyases;
Carbon-oxygen lyases;
Acting on polysaccharides

Sysname

alginate beta-D-mannuronate---uronate lyase

Reaction(IUBMB)

Eliminative cleavage of alginate to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends and beta-D-mannuronate at their reducing end.

Reaction(KEGG)

(other) R03706

Comment

The enzyme catalyses the degradation of alginate by a beta-elimination reaction. It cleaves the (1->4) bond between beta-D-mannuronate and either alpha-L-guluronate or beta-D-mannuronate, generating oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends and beta-D-mannuronate at the reducing end. Depending on the composition of the substrate, the enzyme produces oligosaccharides ranging from two to four residues, with preference for shorter products. cf. EC 4.2.2.11, guluronate-specific alginate lyase.

History

EC 4.2.2.3 created 1965 as EC 4.2.99.4, transferred 1972 to EC 4.2.2.3, modified 1990, modified 2015

Pathway

ec00051

Fructose and mannose metabolism

ec01100

Metabolic pathways

Orthology

K01729

poly(beta-D-mannuronate) lyase

Genes

ENT:	Ent638_2038

EAS:	Entas_2195

ENR:	H650_02880

ENF:	AKI40_3131(algL)

EHU:	D5067_0011490

KSA:	C813_03495

KOR:	AWR26_12900

KRD:	A3780_11145

KCO:	BWI95_16205

KOT:	EH164_11795

KPSE:

IP581_11235

KOB:	HF650_11345

KOO:	O9K67_12545

KOU:	C0557_12000

KCA:	AAEY27_11485

LAX:	APT61_11230

LEH:	C3F35_00390

LPNU:

KQ929_09995

LAZ:	A8A57_11010

LEW:	DAI21_15585

KIN:	AB182_12280

PDZ:	HHA33_15190

METY:

MRY16398_28910(algL)

EBC:	C2U52_23165

SML:	Smlt1473 Smlt2601

SMT:

Smal_2066

BUJ:	BurJV3_1226

SMZ:

SMD_1308

SFOE:

K5L94_06910

SRH:	BAY15_0477

SLM:	BIZ42_10920

STEM:

CLM74_16320

STES:

MG068_10890

SINC:

DAIF1_32020

SPAQ:

STNY_R13560

STEJ:

FQS62_007080

STEO:

PEM_04685

PSUW:

WQ53_03475

DCS:	ISN74_13760

VHR:	AL538_15485

VOW:	A9237_02650

VEU:	IXK98_14635

VBR:	A6E01_07505 A6E01_15130 A6E01_18185 A6E01_20210

VAF:	D1115_05430

VCC:	FAZ90_06590

VAS:	GT360_19335 GT360_19700

VSL:	LTQ54_15720

VPG:	LZI70_17425

VCRA:

IS519_00835

VLE:	ISX51_07985

PGB:	H744_1c1636

PRE:	PCA10_11810(algL) PCA10_38160(algL)

PFUW:

KF707C_11100

POJ:	PtoMrB4_25900 PtoMrB4_46260(algL)

PLAL:

FXN65_05520

PAE:	PA3547(algL)

PAEV:

N297_3670(algL)

PAEI:

N296_3670(algL)

PAU:	PA14_18470(algL)

PAG:	PLES_14861(algL)

PAF:	PAM18_1439(algL)

PNC:	NCGM2_4672(algL)

PAEB:

NCGM1900_2737(algL)

PDK:	PADK2_06630(algL)

PSG:	G655_07065(algL)

PRP:	M062_18790(algL)

PAEP:

PA1S_07685(algL)

PAER:

PA1R_gp1365

PAEM:

U769_07160(algL)

PAEL:

T223_07400(algL)

PAES:

SCV20265_1516

PAEU:

BN889_03918(algL)

PAEG:

AI22_26220(algL)

PAEC:

M802_3667(algL)

PAEO:

M801_3535(algL)

SECH:

B18_00700

PCQ:	PcP3B5_50750(algL)

PMUI:

G4G71_08940

PNT:	G5B91_26195

PAP:	PSPA7_1598(algL)

PPAA:

B7D75_07400

PPU:	PP_1281(algL)

PPF:

Pput_4444

PPG:	PputGB1_4568

PPW:	PputW619_0882

PPT:

PPS_4410

PPB:	PPUBIRD1_4280(algL)

PPI:

YSA_03107

PPX:	T1E_3160(algL)

PPUH:

B479_22185(algL)

PPUT:

L483_27270(algL)

PPUN:

PP4_07930(algL)

PPUD:

DW66_4801

PFV:	Psefu_3890

PMON:

X969_21720(algL)

PMOT:

X970_21355(algL)

PPJ:	RK21_00112

PMOL:

CLJ08_08415 CLJ08_22880

PALD:

LU682_024980

PIX:	RIN61_07155

PMOS:

O165_013090 O165_018595(algL)

PST:	PSPTO_1236(algL)

PSB:

Psyr_1056

PSYR:

N018_20390(algL)

PSP:	PSPPH_1111(algL)

PSAV:

PSA3335_09060(algL)

PAMG:

BKM19_008050

PCI:	PCH70_10060

PAVL:

BKM03_06985

PVD:	CFBP1590__4284(algL)

PCAB:

JGS08_19560

PCOF:

POR16_18960

PTRE:

I9H09_05055

PSYI:

MME58_05240

PAST:

N015_05950

PLIJ:

KQP88_04820

PFUV:

NLK61_18695

PFL:	PFL_1017(algL)

PPRC:

PFLCHA0_c10370(algL)

PPRO:

PPC_1055(algL)

PFE:	PSF113_4759

PZA:	HU749_024175

PFN:	HZ99_11950(algL)

PFO:	Pfl01_0953(algL)

PFS:	PFLU_0983(algL)

PFC:	PflA506_0963(algL)

PPZ:	H045_01655(algL)

PFB:

VO64_4064

PMAN:

OU5_2454(algL)

PTV:	AA957_09080(algL)

PCG:	AXG94_10010(algL)

PVR:	PverR02_05190(algL)

PAZO:

AYR47_12195(algL)

POI:	BOP93_04700(algL)

PRX:	HRH33_05770

PMED:

E3Z27_23155

PKR:	AYO71_07505(algL)

PMUD:

NCTC8068_04328(algL)

PTOL:

I7845_05010

PMAB:

U0037_04945

PBRE:

QDY63_24200

PFW:	PF1751_v1c09410(algL)

PFF:	PFLUOLIPICF703425(algL)

PFX:	A7318_04255(algL)

PEN:	PSEEN3462 PSEEN4542(algL)

PBA:	PSEBR_a4597

PBC:	CD58_24340(algL)

PPUU:

PputUW4_04478(algL)

PDR:	H681_19460(algL)

PSV:	PVLB_04200(algL1) PVLB_15515(algL2)

PSK:	U771_06090(algL)

PKC:	PKB_0961(algL)

PCH:	EY04_04485(algL)

PCZ:	PCL1606_50780

PCP:	JM49_25160(algL)

PCHP:

C4K32_1096

PFZ:	AV641_18545(algL)

PLQ:	AA042_15115(algL)

PALK:

PSAKL28_08670 PSAKL28_31900

PPV:	NJ69_13865(algL)

PSES:

PSCI_0728(algL)

PSEM:

TO66_05175(algL)

PSEC:

CCOS191_0905(algL) CCOS191_2020

PPSY:

AOC04_15765(algL)

PSOS:

POS17_1023(algL)

PFK:	PFAS1_06365(algL)

PANR:

A7J50_0985

PSET:

THL1_1261 THL1_3797

PSIL:

PMA3_24620(algL)

PYM:	AK972_0831

PKE:	DLD99_05125

PUM:	HGP31_04940

PGG:	FX982_00694

PGY:	AWU82_19115 AWU82_28970

PSEJ:

HNQ25_10120 HNQ25_19315

PVK:	EPZ47_24365

PEZ:	HWQ56_05015

PBZ:	GN234_23980

PATA:

JWU58_22785

PDW:	BV82_3330 BV82_4697

PZE:	HU754_006235

PMOE:

HV782_005815

PSEP:

C4K39_1034

PPII:

QL104_05140

PVW:	HU752_027465

PTRT:

HU722_0006130

PXA:	KSS93_07755

PSAM:

HU731_020970

PTZ:	HU718_005875

PQI:	KH389_10435 KH389_22280

PSHH:

HU773_022870

PXN:	HU772_004385 HU772_009385

PHV:	HU739_012745

PPRG:

HU725_004050 HU725_014445

PANH:

HU763_020365

PASG:

KSS96_05660

PFAK:

KSS94_04580

PMUY:

KSS95_07440 KSS95_11715

PMAM:

KSS90_04800 KSS90_09860

PAZE:

KSS91_23880

PALV:

KSS97_06260

PCAS:

LOY40_05195

PORY:

EJA05_04765

PWZ:	J7655_04655

PTK:	EXN22_12335 EXN22_22990

PTW:	TUM18999_50190(algL)

PIE:	HU724_005635

PWY:	HU734_005445

PGF:	J0G10_06040

PCAV:

D3880_05510 D3880_05575

PJU:	L1P09_20885

PIZ:	LAB08_R50480

PPEG:

KUA23_05115

PSII:

NF676_05310

PSIH:

LOY51_04670

PFIT:

KJY40_05900

PASI:

LG197_00350

PKM:	PZ739_23485

PNB:	NK667_22370

PSOA:

PSm6_09990(algL)

PTAI:

ICN73_10915

PKK:	QQ992_23630

PKJ:	Q1W70_05505 Q1W70_21915

PHYG:

JTY93_21650

PHOM:

KJF94_01515 KJF94_13630

PCUC:

PSH97_04605

PTRL:

OU419_22580

PPAE:

LDL65_16215

PPAO:

K3169_23685

PRHZ:

CRX69_09185

PSJY:

AA098_04990(algL)

PSKU:

KUIN1_10970(algL)

PSHS:

JJN09_02575

PHEF:

PSH57_05190

PSLP:

BHQ29_07770 BHQ29_17165(algL)

PLIS:

NN484_01355

PSNC:

C0058_26925

PFOU:

OZ911_23975

PBEJ:

PSH84_01815

PKV:	QYQ93_05865

PSKP:

KU43P_18850 KU43P_44630(algL)

PDEU:

QEP73_14550

PQE:	OSC50_19460

PSDT:

NH234_05795

PCAA:

V6L78_29690

PSIV:

LZ023_33775

PSWO:

SD196_21770

PMOR:

PMm318_A01890

PTHV:

CE140_22435

PSSX:

DCC84_28300

PAGB:

AWM79_03565(algL)

PSNS:

CI807_11785

PMY:	Pmen_1024 Pmen_1668

PMK:

MDS_1075

PALL:

UYA_04850(algL) UYA_15370

PKH:	JLK41_05185

PTY:	JWV26_01420 JWV26_15930

PHF:	NLY38_05205 NLY38_16765

PCHE:

QYM18_12770 QYM18_23055

AVN:	Avin_10900(algL)

AVL:	AvCA_10900(algL)

AVD:	AvCA6_10900(algL)

ACX:	Achr_31250(algL)

EAZ:	JHT90_07915

ENTO:

MTZ49_11880

PDEN:

F1C79_17985

PPHA:

BVH74_05260

PALC:

A0T30_03865 A0T30_11855(algL)

PCAM:

HNE05_19925

MSR:	AU15_13725

MACA:

J2887_18655

SFR:

Sfri_3103

SJA:	SJ2017_1080

SLJ:	EGC82_17615

SMAI:

EXU30_09995

SPOL:

FH971_04075

COLW:

A3Q33_13230

COLA:

DBO93_13860

COV:	EKO29_05455

CBER:

B5D82_13290

THT:	E2K93_04475

THAP:

FNC98_00215

PHA:

PSHAa1749

PIA:	PI2015_1888

PBW:	D172_011665

PEA:	PESP_a2550(algL)

PART:

PARC_a2610(algL)

PAGA:

PAGA_a1382(algL)

PCAR:

PC2016_1118

PMAA:

CPA52_10505

PSAZ:

PA25_35450

PDV:	FFU37_09500

PSMM:

PspMM1_21190

PXSI:

EJ103_10680

PSLC:

JG479_10460

AMC:	MADE_000001022690 MADE_000001022695

AMH:	I633_17220

AMAL:

I607_15845

AMAE:

I876_16140

AMAO:

I634_16085

AMAG:

I533_15670

AMAC:

MASE_04135

AMB:	AMBAS45_04400

ALT:	ambt_09810 ambt_09835

AAL:	EP13_15640 EP13_15670

AAUS:

EP12_16280

ASP:	AOR13_174 AOR13_1819 AOR13_1824

ASQ:	AVL57_07835 AVL57_07860 AVL57_17605

AAW:	AVL56_06715 AVL56_06740 AVL56_16330

ALE:	AV939_06845 AV939_06870 AV939_16545

ALZ:	AV940_06690 AV940_06715 AV940_16295

ALTE:

ALT761_01684 ALT761_01689 ALT761_03420

ALTB:

IUA53_03660 IUA53_03685

SALM:

D0Y50_13615 D0Y50_18870

GAG:	Glaag_3632 Glaag_3633 Glaag_3654

PMES:

FX988_03251 FX988_03277 FX988_03278

PAT:	Patl_3639 Patl_3640 Patl_3659

CATE:

C2869_02780 C2869_07275

HMI:	soil367_08785 soil367_08835

ALKM:

NKI27_00745

CEB:	B0D95_02115

CEG:	D0C16_10955(algL)

SDE:	Sde_0034(ply6F) Sde_3274(ply6D) Sde_3275(ply6C) Sde_3285(ply6E)

SAGA:

M5M_10450

GIL:	NHM04_04730 NHM04_15520

MTHD:

A3224_00430 A3224_00960

MAGA:

Mag101_00425

MBRG:

PVT68_15515

MICY:

HUW35_08435

HALC:

EY643_05700

HHU:	AR456_14315

HSI:	BOX17_03135

HALO:

BWR19_06100

HSV:	HNO53_15210 HNO53_15225

HHAO:

QWG60_04415

HCAM:

I4484_14805 I4484_14820

HAMC:

HNO52_14640

HADN:

NKF27_14750

HSX:	HNO51_14530 HNO51_14545

PAUR:

FGL86_16335

ABO:	ABO_0393(algL)

ALN:	AS19_04060

GSN:	YC6258_00973

OME:	OLMES_4487 OLMES_4488

TAU:

Tola_1413

RPI:

Rpic_3571

RPF:	Rpic12D_3248

RIN:	ACS15_3521

RWE:	KOL96_23470

BUR:	Bcep18194_C7175

BCEW:

DM40_5784

BPYR:

ABD05_33460

BCON:

NL30_32690

BLAT:

WK25_19105

BTEI:

WS51_28830

BSEM:

WJ12_19980

BARI:

NLX30_36555

PCAF:

DSC91_002700

PSPU:

NA29_15685

PAPI:

SG18_20430

POX:	MB84_19815

PNR:	AT302_19495

PLG:	NCTC10937_04290(algL)

BAV:

BAV2839

ADT:	APT56_25095

ACHH:

ABFG95_11495

RHY:	RD110_25170

CARE:

LT85_0132

CPRA:

CPter91_0129

MENY:

LSQ66_17180

PLUE:

EWM63_01465

DUG:	HH213_13625

DZO:	SR858_23880

TMJ:	P0M04_17000

ARUI:

G6M88_17155 G6M88_21135

RHL:	LPU83_pLPU83d0167 LPU83_pLPU83d1247

RHV:	BA939_16650

RGR:	FZ934_26045

RHIA:

ACO34A_00725

NGL:	RG1141_CH35940

NEN:	NCHU2750_34090(algL)

BQB:	J4P68_0016375

STAR:

G3545_03840

MNO:

Mnod_5878

METI:

DK427_06665

MTEZ:

HPT29_009905

MPAR:

F7D14_08995

MEY:	TM49_12725

MAAD:

AZF01_02715

MMED:

Mame_02312(algL)

MLUT:

JET14_03765

CAUL:

KCG34_23210

BSB:	Bresu_2897

BDM:	EQG53_08450

MALG:

MALG_02784

YPAC:

CEW88_18585

YAN:	AYJ57_24940

TOM:	BWR18_20730

THAA:

CFI11_06530

LSAL:

KBK07_17200

TRY:	QF118_01725

RED:	roselon_01185

THW:	BMG03_12870

TLB:	RPE78_12860

YPHY:

AABB29_07835

GEH:	HYN69_02250 HYN69_02895

CACT:

HZ995_12215

GCE:	KYE46_09235

MMR:	Mmar10_0255

HBA:

Hbal_2772

NRE:	BES08_00045

NOV:	TQ38_023945

NOR:	FA702_05795

SPHK:

SKP52_04170

SPHP:

LH20_00375

STER:

AOA14_11260

SPHQ:

BWQ93_09900

SPHX:

E5675_06710

SPHU:

SPPYR_0942

SKR:	BRX40_02305

SPHC:

CVN68_20100

SPAP:

H3Z74_06335

SPHY:

CHN51_02470

SPHL:

LPB140_00305

AMX:	AM2010_1737

ADO:	A6F68_01720(cslB)

CNA:	AB433_04660

ERY:	CP97_03815

ERF:	FIU90_09065(cslB)

RGI:	RGI145_05950

ROS:	CTJ15_11445

RMUC:

FOB66_07775

SRF:	LHU95_01955

MBD:	MEBOL_000524

CFUS:

CYFUS_004595

SAMY:

DB32_005387

ROO:	G5S37_13955

VBA:	IMCC26134_14355

PND:	Pla175_02610(cslB)

FMR:	Fuma_04814(cslB)

GMR:	GmarT_37570(cslB)

GIM:	F1728_27815

GPN:	Pan110_35870(cslB)

MRI:	Mal4_33170(cslB)

HBS:	IPV69_22840

ACM:	AciX9_3983

GMA:	AciX8_2589

TSA:	AciPR4_0261 AciPR4_0788

TALB:

FTW19_09810

ADIN:

H7849_02815

BCEL:

BcellWH2_01214(cslB)

BIS:	DXK01_020340 DXK01_020595

TTZ:	FHG85_04000 FHG85_04005

MBAS:

ALGA_3306

NKO:	Niako_3531 Niako_4993 Niako_5224

NSO:	NIASO_10845

NIA:	A8C56_15745 A8C56_19480 A8C56_19485

FGG:	FSB75_07810 FSB75_09620

AGI:	FSB73_22760

PSEG:

D3H65_05270 D3H65_15600 D3H65_19195 D3H65_19225

PGO:	FSB84_21270

PHE:

Phep_3223

PEP:	AQ505_07330 AQ505_11675

PCM:	AY601_1657

PSTY:

BFS30_00355 BFS30_18155

PGS:	CPT03_04505

PEJ:	FYC62_01005 FYC62_01010

PROE:

H9L23_01485

PGJ:	QG516_07560 QG516_25140

PEDO:

AB3G38_03985

PSN:	Pedsa_0631 Pedsa_0632 Pedsa_0720 Pedsa_0722 Pedsa_0729 Pedsa_3622 Pedsa_3628

SPHN:

BV902_22580

SPDR:

G6053_06390

SSIY:

JVX97_08635

MGK:	FSB76_28365

MMAB:

HQ865_07135 HQ865_10900 HQ865_24500

SBX:	CA265_00980 CA265_05310

EST:	DN752_00835

ALS:	DJ013_02580 DJ013_02605 DJ013_09500

FLM:

MY04_2548

FLL:	EI427_11110 EI427_20885 EI427_20890

FYA:	KMW28_03455

FKA:	KM029_18330

GFO:

GFO_1147

FFA:	FFWV33_03490 FFWV33_05280 FFWV33_05440

FKI:	FK004_07145

FNK:	E1750_01030 E1750_01045 E1750_01100 E1750_01110 E1750_01140

CAT:	CA2559_11518

MARM:

YQ22_05085 YQ22_05095

MART:

BTR34_05350 BTR34_05380

MARE:

EJ994_16730

CAO:	Celal_0442 Celal_4222

CLY:	Celly_0294

CLH:	IX49_01140

CBAL:

M667_17465 M667_19655

CBAT:

M666_17465 M666_19570

COMN:

PBN93_01455

KDI:	Krodi_0317

DOK:	MED134_10680

DDO:	I597_0905(cslB)

DOD:	DCS32_10560

LAN:	Lacal_1746

LVN:	BWR22_11855

ZGA:	ZOBELLIA_4130(alyA4) ZOBELLIA_4132(alyA6)

ZLA:	Q5W13_21210

NDO:	DDD_0327 DDD_0353

POM:	MED152_03735(alyA1) MED152_08630(alyP) MED152_09780(alyA5) MED152_09785(alyA7) MED152_09875

POB:	LPB03_04285 LPB03_09640 LPB03_09645 LPB03_09670

PRN:	BW723_07340 BW723_07415 BW723_16235

POLA:

BXQ17_10050 BXQ17_10055 BXQ17_10060

PHAL:

H9I45_00420 H9I45_00575 H9I45_00580 H9I45_00585 H9I45_10400

PPEC:

H9W90_14110

WIN:

WPG_1073

SZE:	AW14_12525 AW14_12550

AHZ:	APS56_07780 APS56_07995 APS56_15075

TEN:	LPB136_06565

TJE:	TJEJU_2495(alyA4)

WFU:	AXE80_11230

FOP:	FNB79_07640 FNB79_08270 FNB79_14605

OLL:	CW732_00360 CW732_00380

OAQ:	DZC78_07850 DZC78_07855 DZC78_07870

FEK:	C1H87_00925 C1H87_08165 C1H87_08195

TAJ:	C1A40_05225 C1A40_05235 C1A40_05240

KAN:	IMCC3317_07140(cslB)

MARF:

CJ739_3047 CJ739_3054

AQB:	D1818_06335 D1818_09460 D1818_19120 D1818_19265

AQA:	D1815_01050 D1815_12175 D1815_12255 D1815_21685

AQD:	D1816_00485

PSYN:

E9099_09505 E9099_09525

PPON:

MUN68_012560

FBE:	FF125_19660

MGEL:

G5B37_00445

OHO:	Oweho_2210

RMR:	Rmar_1165 Rmar_1386

RBAR:

AWN76_013605 AWN76_018375 AWN76_018380

MRO:	MROS_1361 MROS_1369

PARH:

I5S86_05445

PDU:	PDUR_05170

PLW:	D5F53_15660

PCHI:

PC41400_16075

SCW:	TU94_29165

STRC:

AA958_09050

SLE:	sle_01910(sle_01910)

AOI:	AORI_3483(algL)

AJA:	AJAP_21745

AORI:

SD37_18030

ATL:	Athai_61380

» show all

Reference

1 [PMID:13144]

Authors

Davidson IW, Lawson CJ, Sutherland IW.

Title

An alginate lysate from Azotobacter vinelandii phage.

Journal

J Gen Microbiol 98:223-9 (1977)
DOI:10.1099/00221287-98-1-223

Reference

2 [PMID:6020438]

Authors

Nakada HI, Sweeny PC.

Title

Alginic acid degradation by eliminases from abalone hepatopancreas.

Journal

J Biol Chem 242:845-51 (1967)

Reference

3 [PMID:14488584]

Authors

PREISS J, ASHWELL G.

Title

Alginic acid metabolism in bacteria. I. Enzymatic formation of unsaturated oligosac-charides and 4-deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid.

Journal

J Biol Chem 237:309-16 (1962)

Other DBs

ExplorEnz - The Enzyme Database:

4.2.2.3

IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature:

4.2.2.3

ExPASy - ENZYME nomenclature database:

4.2.2.3

BRENDA, the Enzyme Database:

4.2.2.3

CAS:

9024-15-1

All links

Gene (1733)   
   MGENES (1451)   
   RefGene (282)   
Protein sequence (3892)   
   UniProt (1390)   
   SWISS-PROT (26)   
   RefSeq(pep) (2421)   
   PDBSTR (55)   
DNA sequence (11679)   
   RefSeq(nuc) (8636)   
   GenBank (1563)   
   EMBL (1480)   
3D Structure (45)   
   PDB (45)   
Protein domain (16)   
   InterPro (16)   
All databases (17365)   

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