Burkitt lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma [DS:H02418]
Primary central nervous system lymphoma [DS:H02424]

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a highly aggressive mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma consisting of endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated variants. Endemic BL (eBL) affects children and young adults in Africa and some other geographical areas and carries Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in more than 95% of cases. In contrast, sporadic BL (sBL) among adolescents in Europe and North America are mostly EBV-negative. A third type of BL is associated with HIV-infection in adults. All of these subtypes possess chromosomal rearrangements of the c-myc oncogene, the genetic hallmark of BL that contributes to lymphomagenesis through alterations in cell cycle regulation, cellular differentiation, apoptosis, cellular adhesion, and metabolism. Many BL carry point mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene or other defects in the p14ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway, and inactivation of the p16INK4a gene by promoter methylation or homozygous deletion. This indicates that disruption of both the pRb and p53 tumor suppressor pathways is critical for BL development.

Cancer

nt06114  PI3K signaling (viruses)
nt06119  JAK-STAT signaling (viruses)
nt06120  Calcium signaling (viruses and bacteria)
nt06121  TLR signaling (viruses and bacteria)
nt06122  IFN signaling (viruses)
nt06123  TNF signaling (viruses and bacteria)
nt06129  MHC presentation (viruses)
nt06130  Cell cycle (viruses)
nt06131  Apoptosis (viruses and bacteria)
nt06133  RLR signaling (viruses)
nt06140  Transcription (viruses)
nt06150  Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (viruses)
nt06165  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

MYC-IgH (translocation) [HSA:4609] [KO:K04377]
p53 (mutation) [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451]
p16/INK4A (promoter methylation) [HSA:1029] [KO:K06621]

Azathioprine [CPD:C06837]
Ethylene oxide [CPD:C06548]
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [CPD:C07557]

Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) [GN:T40079]
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) [GN:T40001]

Cyclophosphamide [DR:D00287]

ICD-O: 9687/3, Tumor type: Burkitt lymphoma
Although the carcinogens listed and infection with HIV-1 are risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in general, the strength of association with different histological tumor types is not well understood.

PMID:12191637 (gene, carcinogen, tumor type)

Lindstrom MS, Wiman KG.

Role of genetic and epigenetic changes in Burkitt lymphoma.

Semin Cancer Biol 12:381-7 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S1044-579X(02)00058-5

PMID:15803153 (gene, carcinogen)

Kuppers R.

Mechanisms of B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis.

Nat Rev Cancer 5:251-62 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1589

PMID:16062089 (carcinogen)

Patel P, Moazzam N, Potti A, Mehdi SA.

Azathioprine induced hodgkin lymphoma: a case report and review of literature.

Am J Clin Oncol 28:427-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1097/01.coc.0000168670.28659.8d

PMID:15760280 (carcinogen)

Schottenfeld D, Beebe-Dimmer JL.

Advances in cancer epidemiology: understanding causal mechanisms and the evidence for implementing interventions.

Annu Rev Public Health 26:37-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144402

PMID:15660110 (carcinogen)

Luch A.

Nature and nurture - lessons from chemical carcinogenesis.

Nat Rev Cancer 5:113-25 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1546

PMID:12464351 (carcinogen)

Kolman A, Chovanec M, Osterman-Golkar S.

Genotoxic effects of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin in humans: update review (1990-2001).

Mutat Res 512:173-94 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00067-4

PMID:17530489 (carcinogen)

Abnet CC.

Carcinogenic food contaminants.

Cancer Invest 25:189-96 (2007)
DOI:10.1080/07357900701208733