Entry
Name
choline dehydrogenase;
choline oxidase;
choline-cytochrome c reductase;
choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase;
choline:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase
Class
Oxidoreductases;
Acting on the CH-OH group of donors;
With unknown physiological acceptors
BRITE hierarchy
Sysname
choline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Reaction(IUBMB)
choline + acceptor = betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor [RN:
R01025 ]
Reaction(KEGG)
Substrate
Product
betaine aldehyde [CPD:
C00576 ];
reduced acceptor [CPD:
C00030 ]
Comment
A quinoprotein. In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyse the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine. In plants, the first reaction is catalysed by EC
1.14.15.7 , choline monooxygenase, whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound choline dehydrogenase (EC
1.1.99.1 ) or soluble choline oxidase (EC
1.1.3.17 ) [4]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC
1.2.1.8 , betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria.
History
EC 1.1.99.1 created 1961, modified 1989, modified 2005
Pathway
ec00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Orthology
Genes
PLEU : 114686205(Chdh) 114705405
CTIG : 120315893 120315894
PSPA : 121298472 121328247
ARUT : 117411968 117971355
BBEL : 109466814 109480468
SCLV : 120327694 120337910 120337924 120338198
SPU : 587688 589191 591798 591835
BTER : 100644055 100644129
MPHA : 105831892 105838063 105838656
VEM : 105561871 105562286 105565223
PGC : 109852286 109856662 109859839
NVI : 100120791 100120817 100120924 107981588
BMOR : 101735405 101736392 101741114
BMAN : 114241059 114241119 114241400 114252877 114252878 114252881 114252882
FCD : 110857143 110857391 110857673 110859613
HAME : 121858037 121858794 121865995
DSV : 119437444 119444220 119449156
RSAN : 119386962 119391876 119399582
CEL : CELE_C34C6.4(chdh-1)
HRO : HELRODRAFT_183667 HELRODRAFT_183668 HELRODRAFT_91842 HELRODRAFT_91852
PMAX : 117337447 117338018 117338019 117338087 117338208 117338611
MMER : 123525544 123548319
OSN : 115221456 115221457 115221581
SMM : Smp_094500 Smp_212180
SHX : MS3_00002892 MS3_00003572
EPA : 110234114 110237353 110239488 110239490 110239508 110239509 110239510 110249474
ATEN : 116297991 116306577
PDAM : 113669249 113669254 113669255
SPIS : 111322997 111322998 111322999
HMG : 100200022 100206241 100215517
SMIN : v1.2.024813.t1(symbB.v1.2.024813.t1)
PIF : PITG_02954 PITG_02961 PITG_02968 PITG_15033 PITG_21308
PSOJ : PHYSODRAFT_284485 PHYSODRAFT_313518 PHYSODRAFT_471041 PHYSODRAFT_473674
ECOO : ECRM13514_0541(betA)
ECOH : ECRM13516_0287(betA)
ECW : EcE24377A_0326(betA)
EDJ : ECDH1ME8569_0299(betA)
ECOI : ECOPMV1_00314(betA)
RAO : DSD31_08845 DSD31_18700(betA)
CLAP : NCTC11466_02246(betA)
YPI : YpsIP31758_2831(betA)
SMW : SMWW4_v1c14960(betA)
SERA : Ser39006_016970(betA)
SFJ : SAMEA4384070_1557(betA)
SOF : NCTC11214_05409(betA)
DIC : Dpoa569_001469(betA)
EPE : CI789_08785(betA) CI789_19755(betA)
ERP : LJN55_01300(betA) LJN55_10710(betA)
TPTY : NCTC11468_03211(betA_2)
PRG : RB151_015540(betA_1)
PHEI : NCTC12003_02529(betA)
PRJ : NCTC6933_01535(betA_1)
XFU : XFF4834R_chr07260(betA)
XPH : XppCFBP6546_16525(betA)
XHD : LMG31886_08390(betA)
VAU : VANGNB10_cII0724(betA)
SALY : E8E00_05530(betA) E8E00_09000(betA)
SKS : FCN78_04450(betA) FCN78_07765(betA) FCN78_12230
SCOT : HBA18_04690(betA) HBA18_08145(betA)
SPRO : N7E60_04860(betA) N7E60_08310(betA)
PAEB : NCGM1900_6222(betA)
PRE : PCA10_03930(betA) PCA10_43370(betA)
PFUW : KF707C_22490 KF707C_3490 KF707C_49430
PCQ : PcP3B5_61120(betA_2)
PMUI : G4G71_03725(betA) G4G71_17980
PPG : PputGB1_3020 PputGB1_3099 PputGB1_5115
PPB : PPUBIRD1_2104(betA) PPUBIRD1_4853
PPUT : L483_10980 L483_30460
PPUN : PP4_31340(betA) PP4_36560(betA) PP4_51270(betA)
PPJ : RK21_02427 RK21_05453
PVD : CFBP1590__4837(betA)
PPRC : PFLCHA0_c57220(betA)
PFW : PF1751_v1c51100(betA)
PPUU : PputUW4_01870(betA1) PputUW4_02213 PputUW4_05048(betA2)
PKC : PKB_2339(beta1) PKB_5708(beta3)
PFZ : AV641_01735 AV641_17705
PALK : PSAKL28_29050 PSAKL28_49540
PSET : THL1_3350 THL1_3356 THL1_337 THL1_4381 THL1_4424
PSIL : PMA3_17230 PMA3_28110
PKE : DLD99_18945 DLD99_26730(betA)
PUM : HGP31_19995(betA) HGP31_29005(betA)
POJ : PtoMrB4_04410(betA) PtoMrB4_11070
PLAL : FXN65_01860(betA) FXN65_20960(betA) FXN65_21220
PMAO : PMYSY11_1624(betA) PMYSY11_3950(betA)
PVW : HU752_013665 HU752_030360(betA)
PTRT : HU722_0027420(betA)
PAZE : KSS91_18270(betA) KSS91_26785(betA)
PTW : TUM18999_06050(betA) TUM18999_12040
PTAE : NCTC10697_00361(betA_1)
PIZ : LAB08_R38880(betA) LAB08_R42030 LAB08_R56400(betA)
PSIH : LOY51_14885 LOY51_25130(betA)
PSTT : CH92_03610 CH92_13670
PSYC : DABAL43B_1031(betA)
ABK : LX00_04660 LX00_09330 LX00_09380
ABAU : IX87_00900 IX87_20025 IX87_20085
AVZ : HWI77_13510(betA) HWI77_18490(betA)
CPS : CPS_1334(betA1) CPS_4010(betA2)
SALH : HMF8227_01737(betA)
MICT : FIU95_07470(betA1) FIU95_10090(betA2)
LWA : SAMEA4504053_1635(betA)
HHC : M911_00875 M911_04175
EBS : ECTOBSL9_0668 ECTOBSL9_2012
GAI : IMCC3135_26720(betA)
HBE : BEI_1083(betA1) BEI_2129(betA2)
HAXI : HAALTHF_40180n HAALTHF_40190n
MARS : A8C75_09660 A8C75_21260
MRZ : KDW95_05735(betA) KDW95_17570(betA)
ZDF : AN401_04120 AN401_06970
SALN : SALB1_1985 SALB1_2619
TSN : W908_04135 W908_05575
THIN : CRN91_02720 CRN91_06170(betA)
CDIZ : CEDIAZO_00247(betA)
NZO : SAMEA4504057_0509(betA)
PSE : NH8B_1369(betA) NH8B_2204(betA)
REH : H16_A3737(h16_A3737) H16_B2131(betA1)
BMN : BMA10247_A1428(betA)
BPM : BURPS1710b_A0377(betA)
BPL : BURPS1106A_A1837(betA)
BPD : BURPS668_A1925(betA)
BPZ : BP1026B_II1440(betA)
BUR : Bcep18194_B0530 Bcep18194_B0553
BCEN : DM39_5520(betA) DM39_6817(betA)
BPSL : WS57_02495 WS57_14295
BANN : JFN94_29555(betA) JFN94_29645
BYI : BYI23_B012650 BYI23_D001370
BUE : BRPE67_BCDS16440(betA) BRPE67_DCDS03430
BURK : DM992_23210(betA) DM992_35390(betA)
PHS : C2L64_26990(betA) C2L64_33715(betA)
PTER : C2L65_21355(betA) C2L65_30280(betA)
PDIO : PDMSB3_1490.1(betA)
PLG : NCTC10937_00665(betA_1)
LMIR : NCTC12852_00558(betA)
CABA : SBC2_55170(betA_4) SBC2_60620(betA_5)
BUO : BRPE64_BCDS13890(betA)
PVAC : HC248_01876(betA_1)
APET : ToN1_03890(betA1) ToN1_44920(betA2)
AZA : AZKH_p0020(betA) AZKH_p0149(betA)
HOE : IMCC20628_02662 IMCC20628_03141
AAK : AA2016_2663 AA2016_4728
AMIH : CO731_04445(betA_2)
RBS : RHODOSMS8_00066(betA)
SMEL : SM2011_c00093(betA)
RHI : NGR_b04630 NGR_c06990(betA)
SFD : USDA257_c06730(betA)
SAME : SAMCFNEI73_Ch1007(betA)
EAD : OV14_1910(betA) OV14_b0280
EAH : FA04_03200 FA04_29070
EMX : FKV68_05160(betA) FKV68_08540 FKV68_08650
ARA : Arad_12148(betA) Arad_1351(betA)
AGR : AGROH133_04539(betA)
ALF : CFBP5473_11470(betA)
REC : RHECIAT_CH0001219(betA)
REL : REMIM1_CH01138(betA-1) REMIM1_PE00462(betA-2)
REP : IE4803_CH01162(betA)
REI : IE4771_CH01202(betA)
RLT : Rleg2_0776 Rleg2_6326
RTR : RTCIAT899_CH04945(betA)
RPUS : CFBP5875_02695(betA)
RGA : RGR602_CH01059(betA)
RPHA : AMC79_CH01178(betA)
RHR : CKA34_08055(betA) CKA34_28115
ROY : G3A56_06660(betA) G3A56_25865
NEN : NCHU2750_06680(betA)
SHZ : shn_04930 shn_16840 shn_25305
SOJ : K6301_03245(betA) K6301_17120
ANC : GBB76_09070(betA) GBB76_14275(betA)
MAQU : Maq22A_1p33285(betA)
AALA : IGS74_09230(betA) IGS74_15975
TSV : DSM104635_00876(betA_2)
RLI : RLO149_c011700(betA)
PHP : PhaeoP97_02133(betA)
PPIC : PhaeoP14_01977(betA)
OAR : OA238_c05890(betA1) OA238_c44990(betA2)
LMD : METH_06075 METH_17350
YPAC : CEW88_13350 CEW88_17210(betA)
YAN : AYJ57_18145 AYJ57_19405
TPRO : Ga0080559_TMP2121 Ga0080559_TMP4890
PABY : Ga0080574_TMP1128 Ga0080574_TMP3570
SINL : DSM14862_00920(betA)
SPSE : SULPSESMR1_00649(betA)
RMM : ROSMUCSMR3_03343(betA)
RID : RIdsm_01137(betA_3) RIdsm_03419(betA_5) RIdsm_04314(betA_6)
ROM : EI983_05625(betA) EI983_11800
ROH : FIU89_00295(betA1) FIU89_06945(betA2)
AHT : ANTHELSMS3_03158 ANTHELSMS3_04216
PPAN : ESD82_05770(betA) ESD82_15305
PTP : RCA23_c10120(betA1) RCA23_c18730(betA3)
LVS : LOKVESSMR4R_02136(betA)
GFU : KM031_14950(betA) KM031_17845(betA)
SEDI : EBB79_03480 EBB79_13910(betA)
PAED : G5B38_00905(betA) G5B38_06490 G5B38_08325(betA) G5B38_10540(betA)
PAMO : BAR1_06910 BAR1_11160(betA)
HTQ : FRZ44_07860 FRZ44_32000(betA) FRZ44_38810(betA) FRZ44_43590
HADH : FRZ61_07790 FRZ61_15660(betA) FRZ61_18890(betA) FRZ61_25780(betA) FRZ61_41520(betA) FRZ61_42900(betA) FRZ61_51730(betA) FRZ61_51800(betA)
SBF : JCM31447_18800(betA)
PARH : I5S86_02900(betA) I5S86_28200
SAX : USA300HOU_2605(betA)
SUQ : HMPREF0772_10579(betA)
SUX : SAEMRSA15_25160(cudB)
SUF : SARLGA251_23840(cudB)
SAUT : SAI1T1_2019500(betA)
SAUJ : SAI2T2_1019510(betA)
SAUK : SAI3T3_1019500(betA)
SAUQ : SAI4T8_1019510(betA)
SDP : NCTC12225_00291(betA_1) NCTC12225_00292(betA_2)
SPIC : SAMEA4384060_0383(cudB)
SSH : NCTC13712_02565(betA)
SSIM : SAMEA4384339_2417(betA)
SSTE : SAMEA4384403_0088(betA)
CDIP : ERS451417_02237(betA)
COI : CPCIP5297_09250(betA)
CUN : Cul210932_1984(betA)
CUQ : Cul210931_1929(betA)
CUJ : CUL131002_1896(betA)
STUI : GCM10017668_68710(betA)
SGOB : test1122_09260(betA)
PHW : G7075_02040(betA) G7075_15860
DCO : SAMEA4475696_1217(betA_2)
MPH : MLP_19970 MLP_20680 MLP_40800
NAQU : ENKNEFLB_03345(betA)
» show all
Taxonomy
Reference
1
Authors
Ameyama, M., Shinagawa, E., Matsuchita, K., Takimoto, K., Nakashima, K. and Adachi, O.
Title
Mammalian choline dehydrogenase is a quinoprotein.
Journal
Agric Biol Chem 49:3623-3626 (1985)
Reference
Authors
EBISUZAKI K, WILLIAMS JN Jr.
Title
Preparation and partial purification of soluble choline dehydrogenase from liver mitochondria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gadda G, McAllister-Wilkins EE.
Title
Cloning, expression, and purification of choline dehydrogenase from the moderate halophile Halomonas elongata.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Aoki K, Hibino T, Jikuya H, Takano J, Takabe T, Takabe T
Title
Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica.
Journal
Other DBs
ExplorEnz - The Enzyme Database: 1.1.99.1
ExPASy - ENZYME nomenclature database: 1.1.99.1