Entry
Name
choline dehydrogenase;
choline oxidase;
choline-cytochrome c reductase;
choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase;
choline:(acceptor) 1-oxidoreductase
Class
Oxidoreductases;
Acting on the CH-OH group of donors;
With unknown physiological acceptors
BRITE hierarchy
Sysname
choline:acceptor 1-oxidoreductase
Reaction(IUBMB)
choline + acceptor = betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptor [RN:
R01025 ]
Reaction(KEGG)
Substrate
Product
betaine aldehyde [CPD:
C00576 ];
reduced acceptor [CPD:
C00030 ]
Comment
A quinoprotein. In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyse the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine. In plants, the first reaction is catalysed by EC
1.14.15.7 , choline monooxygenase, whereas in animals and many bacteria, it is catalysed by either membrane-bound choline dehydrogenase (EC
1.1.99.1 ) or soluble choline oxidase (EC
1.1.3.17 ) [4]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC
1.2.1.8 , betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase, appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria.
History
EC 1.1.99.1 created 1961, modified 1989, modified 2005
Pathway
ec00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
Orthology
Genes
PLEU : 114686205(Chdh) 114705405
CTIG : 120315893 120315894
MASI : 127415224 127424736
PPRL : 129356854 129372425(chdh)
PSPA : 121298472 121328247
ARUT : 117411968 117971355
PMRN : 116950745 116952732(CHDH)
LRJ : 133354258 133356737(CHDH)
BBEL : 109466814 109480468
SCLV : 120327694 120338198
SPU : 587688 589191 591798 591835
LPIC : 129265404 129276097 129276098 129279869 129279899 129279920 129280090 129280836 129283991
MPHA : 105831892 105838063
NVI : 100120791 100120817 107981588
BMAN : 114241400 114252877 114252878 114252882
DSV : 119437444 119444220 119449156
RSAN : 119386962 119391876 119399582
CEL : CELE_C34C6.4(chdh-1)
HRO : HELRODRAFT_183667 HELRODRAFT_183668 HELRODRAFT_91842 HELRODRAFT_91852
CANU : 128188669 128189160
PMAX : 117337447 117338018 117338019 117338087 117338208 117338611
MCAF : 127701546 127724846
MMER : 123525544 123548319
RPHI : 132714186 132736606
OSN : 115221456 115221457 115221581
EPA : 110234114 110237353 110239488 110239490 110239508 110239509 110239510 110249474
ATEN : 116297991 116306577
PDAM : 113669249 113669254 113669255
SPIS : 111322997 111322998 111322999
HMG : 100200022 100206241 100215517
PIF : PITG_02954 PITG_02961 PITG_02968 PITG_15033 PITG_21308
PSOJ : PHYSODRAFT_284485 PHYSODRAFT_313518 PHYSODRAFT_471041 PHYSODRAFT_473674
ECOC : C3026_01520 C3026_24695
ECOO : ECRM13514_0541(betA)
ECOH : ECRM13516_0287(betA)
ECW : EcE24377A_0326(betA)
EDJ : ECDH1ME8569_0299(betA)
ECOI : ECOPMV1_00314(betA)
RAO : DSD31_08845 DSD31_18700(betA)
CENS : P2W74_05345(betA) P2W74_08200 P2W74_16630(betA)
CLAP : NCTC11466_02246(betA)
YPI : YpsIP31758_2831(betA)
SMW : SMWW4_v1c14960(betA)
SFJ : SAMEA4384070_1557(betA)
SOF : NCTC11214_05409(betA)
SGRI : SGBXF1_01482(betA_1) SGBXF1_04153(betA_2)
SSAR : SSARUM_001454(betA)
SERA : Ser39006_016970(betA)
PARL : PEC302110_14740(betA)
DIC : Dpoa569_001469(betA)
EPE : CI789_08785(betA) CI789_19755(betA)
ERP : LJN55_01300(betA) LJN55_10710(betA)
TPTY : NCTC11468_03211(betA_2)
PRG : RB151_015540(betA_1)
PHEI : NCTC12003_02529(betA)
PRJ : NCTC6933_01535(betA_1)
XFU : XFF4834R_chr07260(betA)
XPH : XppCFBP6546_16525(betA)
XHD : LMG31886_08390(betA)
VAU : VANGNB10_cII0724(betA)
SALY : E8E00_05530(betA) E8E00_09000(betA)
SKS : FCN78_04450(betA) FCN78_07765(betA) FCN78_12230
SCOT : HBA18_04690(betA) HBA18_08145(betA)
SPRO : N7E60_04860(betA) N7E60_08310(betA)
PAEB : NCGM1900_6222(betA)
PRE : PCA10_03930(betA) PCA10_43370(betA)
PFUW : KF707C_22490 KF707C_3490 KF707C_49430
PCQ : PcP3B5_61120(betA_2)
PMUI : G4G71_03725(betA) G4G71_17980
PNT : G5B91_13995 G5B91_31650(betA)
PPG : PputGB1_3020 PputGB1_3099 PputGB1_5115
PPB : PPUBIRD1_2104(betA) PPUBIRD1_4853
PPUT : L483_10980 L483_30460
PPUN : PP4_31340(betA) PP4_36560(betA) PP4_51270(betA)
PPJ : RK21_02427 RK21_05453
PIX : RIN61_10060(betA) RIN61_23845
PVD : CFBP1590__4837(betA)
PPRC : PFLCHA0_c57220(betA)
PMUD : NCTC8068_04980(betA_2)
PFW : PF1751_v1c51100(betA)
PPUU : PputUW4_01870(betA1) PputUW4_02213 PputUW4_05048(betA2)
PKC : PKB_2339(beta1) PKB_5708(beta3)
PFZ : AV641_01735 AV641_17705
PALK : PSAKL28_29050 PSAKL28_49540
PSET : THL1_3350 THL1_3356 THL1_337 THL1_4381 THL1_4424
PSIL : PMA3_17230 PMA3_28110
PKE : DLD99_18945 DLD99_26730(betA)
PUM : HGP31_19995(betA) HGP31_29005(betA)
POJ : PtoMrB4_04410(betA) PtoMrB4_11070
PLAL : FXN65_01860(betA) FXN65_20960(betA) FXN65_21220
PMAO : PMYSY11_1624(betA) PMYSY11_3950(betA)
PVW : HU752_013665 HU752_030360(betA)
PTRT : HU722_0027420(betA)
PAZE : KSS91_18270(betA) KSS91_26785(betA)
PTW : TUM18999_06050(betA) TUM18999_12040
PTAE : NCTC10697_00361(betA_1)
PIZ : LAB08_R38880(betA) LAB08_R42030 LAB08_R56400(betA)
PSIH : LOY51_14885 LOY51_25130(betA)
PKM : PZ739_16765(betA) PZ739_26015(betA)
PNB : NK667_05585 NK667_29870(betA)
PTAI : ICN73_08405(betA) ICN73_16730
PFOU : OZ911_11415(betA) OZ911_26965(betA)
PSTT : CH92_03610 CH92_13670
MSHE : MAALD49_38290(betA)
MNK : RE428_12070(betA) RE428_46430
PSYC : DABAL43B_1031(betA)
ABK : LX00_04660 LX00_09330 LX00_09380
ABAU : IX87_00900 IX87_20025 IX87_20085
AVZ : HWI77_13510(betA) HWI77_18490(betA)
SPSR : EGC80_16625 EGC80_16655(betA)
CPS : CPS_1334(betA1) CPS_4010(betA2)
SALH : HMF8227_01737(betA)
MICT : FIU95_07470(betA1) FIU95_10090(betA2)
LWA : SAMEA4504053_1635(betA)
HHC : M911_00875 M911_04175
EBS : ECTOBSL9_0668 ECTOBSL9_2012
GAI : IMCC3135_26720(betA)
CCAG : SR908_03045 SR908_14920(betA)
HBE : BEI_1083(betA1) BEI_2129(betA2)
HAXI : HAALTHF_40180n HAALTHF_40190n
HAAH : HALA3H3_910029(betA)
MARS : A8C75_09660 A8C75_21260
MRZ : KDW95_05735(betA) KDW95_17570(betA)
ZDF : AN401_04120 AN401_06970
SALN : SALB1_1985 SALB1_2619
TSN : W908_04135 W908_05575
THIN : CRN91_02720 CRN91_06170(betA)
CDIZ : CEDIAZO_00247(betA)
NZO : SAMEA4504057_0509(betA)
CCAH : DWG20_05520(betA) DWG20_08615(betA)
PSE : NH8B_1369(betA) NH8B_2204(betA)
BMN : BMA10247_A1428(betA)
BPM : BURPS1710b_A0377(betA)
BPL : BURPS1106A_A1837(betA)
BPD : BURPS668_A1925(betA)
BPZ : BP1026B_II1440(betA)
BUR : Bcep18194_B0530 Bcep18194_B0553
BCEN : DM39_5520(betA) DM39_6817(betA)
BPSL : WS57_02495 WS57_14295
BANN : JFN94_29555(betA) JFN94_29645
BAEN : L3V59_26280(betA) L3V59_26395 L3V59_38735
BYI : BYI23_B012650 BYI23_D001370
BUE : BRPE67_BCDS16440(betA) BRPE67_DCDS03430
BURK : DM992_23210(betA) DM992_35390(betA)
PHS : C2L64_26990(betA) C2L64_33715(betA)
PTER : C2L65_21355(betA) C2L65_30280(betA)
PDIO : PDMSB3_1490.1(betA)
PSAA : QEN71_08170(betA) QEN71_36010
PPAI : E1956_22610(betA) E1956_34370
PLAD : PPGU16_34370(betA) PPGU16_52460
PLG : NCTC10937_00665(betA_1)
LMIR : NCTC12852_00558(betA)
CABA : SBC2_55170(betA_4) SBC2_60620(betA_5)
BUO : BRPE64_BCDS13890(betA)
CABK : NK8_29610(betA) NK8_48290(betA)
PVAC : HC248_01876(betA_1)
APET : ToN1_03890(betA1) ToN1_44920(betA2)
AZA : AZKH_p0020(betA) AZKH_p0149(betA)
MMEI : LRP31_26960(betA) LRP31_30580
AAK : AA2016_2663 AA2016_4728
AMIH : CO731_04445(betA_2)
AMIS : Amn_17160 Amn_37840
RBS : RHODOSMS8_00066(betA)
SMEL : SM2011_c00093(betA)
RHI : NGR_b04630 NGR_c06990(betA)
SFD : USDA257_c06730(betA)
SAME : SAMCFNEI73_Ch1007(betA)
EMX : FKV68_05160(betA) FKV68_08540 FKV68_08650
EAD : OV14_1910(betA) OV14_b0280
EAH : FA04_03200 FA04_29070
ECAA : J3R84_03075(betA) J3R84_35255(betA)
AGR : AGROH133_04539(betA)
ALF : CFBP5473_11470(betA)
AVV : RvVAT039_24670(betA)
AVF : RvVAR031_11950(betA)
ASAL : CFBP5507_02305(betA)
RPUS : CFBP5875_02695(betA)
ALEG : CFBP4996_02480(betA)
REC : RHECIAT_CH0001219(betA)
REL : REMIM1_CH01138(betA-1) REMIM1_PE00462(betA-2)
REP : IE4803_CH01162(betA)
REI : IE4771_CH01202(betA)
RLT : Rleg2_0776 Rleg2_6326
RTR : RTCIAT899_CH04945(betA)
RGA : RGR602_CH01059(betA)
RPHA : AMC79_CH01178(betA)
RHR : CKA34_08055(betA) CKA34_28115
ROY : G3A56_06660(betA) G3A56_25865
RLW : RlegWSM1455_04540(betA)
ARA : Arad_12148(betA) Arad_1351(betA)
RBW : RLCC275e_04560(betA)
NEN : NCHU2750_06680(betA)
SHZ : shn_04930 shn_16840 shn_25305
SOJ : K6301_03245(betA) K6301_17120
HOE : IMCC20628_02662 IMCC20628_03141
ANC : GBB76_09070(betA) GBB76_14275(betA)
MAQU : Maq22A_1p33285(betA)
AALA : IGS74_09230(betA) IGS74_15975
TSV : DSM104635_00876(betA_2)
RLI : RLO149_c011700(betA)
PHP : PhaeoP97_02133(betA)
PPIC : PhaeoP14_01977(betA)
OAR : OA238_c05890(betA1) OA238_c44990(betA2)
LMD : METH_06075 METH_17350
YPAC : CEW88_13350 CEW88_17210(betA)
YAN : AYJ57_18145 AYJ57_19405
TPRO : Ga0080559_TMP2121 Ga0080559_TMP4890
PABY : Ga0080574_TMP1128 Ga0080574_TMP3570
SINL : DSM14862_00920(betA)
SPSE : SULPSESMR1_00649(betA)
RMM : ROSMUCSMR3_03343(betA)
RID : RIdsm_01137(betA_3) RIdsm_03419(betA_5) RIdsm_04314(betA_6)
ROM : EI983_05625(betA) EI983_11800
ROH : FIU89_00295(betA1) FIU89_06945(betA2)
RPEL : N7U68_00110 N7U68_00905 N7U68_04340(betA) N7U68_13485(betA) N7U68_15860(betA)
AHT : ANTHELSMS3_03158 ANTHELSMS3_04216
LALG : LentiSH36_01732(betA)
FYT : QF092_07375(betA) QF092_18955
PPAN : ESD82_05770(betA) ESD82_15305
PVER : E3U25_02320 E3U25_04405(betA)
PTP : RCA23_c10120(betA1) RCA23_c18730(betA3)
TSCO : R1T40_08070(betA) R1T40_19390
LVS : LOKVESSMR4R_02136(betA)
GFU : KM031_14950(betA) KM031_17845(betA)
SEDI : EBB79_03480 EBB79_13910(betA)
PAED : G5B38_00905(betA) G5B38_06490 G5B38_08325(betA) G5B38_10540(betA)
PAMO : BAR1_06910 BAR1_11160(betA)
AALK : LGT41_0008590(betA)
AMYL : QBD29_07020(betA) QBD29_10670
BOSG : GKR98_10045(betA) GKR98_11880
HTQ : FRZ44_07860 FRZ44_32000(betA) FRZ44_38810(betA) FRZ44_43590
HADH : FRZ61_07790 FRZ61_15660(betA) FRZ61_18890(betA) FRZ61_25780(betA) FRZ61_41520(betA) FRZ61_42900(betA) FRZ61_51730(betA) FRZ61_51800(betA)
SBF : JCM31447_18800(betA)
PARH : I5S86_02900(betA) I5S86_28200
HSHI : MUO14_15635(betA) MUO14_17425(betA)
SAX : USA300HOU_2605(betA)
SUQ : HMPREF0772_10579(betA)
SUX : SAEMRSA15_25160(cudB)
SUF : SARLGA251_23840(cudB)
SAUT : SAI1T1_2019500(betA)
SAUJ : SAI2T2_1019510(betA)
SAUK : SAI3T3_1019500(betA)
SAUQ : SAI4T8_1019510(betA)
SDP : NCTC12225_00291(betA_1) NCTC12225_00292(betA_2)
SPIC : SAMEA4384060_0383(cudB)
SSH : NCTC13712_02565(betA)
SSIM : SAMEA4384339_2417(betA)
SSTE : SAMEA4384403_0088(betA)
CDIP : ERS451417_02237(betA)
COI : CPCIP5297_09250(betA)
CUN : Cul210932_1984(betA)
CUQ : Cul210931_1929(betA)
CUJ : CUL131002_1896(betA)
STUI : GCM10017668_68710(betA)
SGOB : test1122_09260(betA)
PHW : G7075_02040(betA) G7075_15860
DCO : SAMEA4475696_1217(betA_2)
MPH : MLP_19970 MLP_20680 MLP_40800
NAQU : ENKNEFLB_03345(betA)
PSDS : K1T35_07400 K1T35_07475 K1T35_27195 K1T35_27530
» show all
Taxonomy
Reference
1
Authors
Ameyama M, Shinagawa E, Matsuchita K, Takimoto K, Nakashima K, Adachi O.
Title
Mammalian choline dehydrogenase is a quinoprotein.
Journal
Agric Biol Chem 49:3623-3626 (1985)
Reference
Authors
EBISUZAKI K, WILLIAMS JN Jr.
Title
Preparation and partial purification of soluble choline dehydrogenase from liver mitochondria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gadda G, McAllister-Wilkins EE.
Title
Cloning, expression, and purification of choline dehydrogenase from the moderate halophile Halomonas elongata.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Waditee R, Tanaka Y, Aoki K, Hibino T, Jikuya H, Takano J, Takabe T, Takabe T
Title
Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica.
Journal
Other DBs
ExplorEnz - The Enzyme Database: 1.1.99.1
ExPASy - ENZYME nomenclature database: 1.1.99.1