Entry
Name
beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase;
blh (gene name);
BCO1 (gene name);
BCDO (gene name);
carotene dioxygenase;
carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase;
BCMO1 (misleading);
beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (incorrect)
Class
Oxidoreductases;
Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases);
With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
BRITE hierarchy
Sysname
beta-carotene:oxygen 15,15'-dioxygenase (bond-cleaving)
Reaction(IUBMB)
beta-carotene + O2 = 2 all-trans-retinal [RN:
R00032 ]
Reaction(KEGG)
Substrate
Product
all-trans-retinal [CPD:
C00376 ]
Comment
Requires Fe2+. The enzyme cleaves beta-carotene symmetrically, producing two molecules of all-trans-retinal. Both atoms of the oxygen molecule are incorporated into the products [8]. The enzyme can also process beta-cryptoxanthin, 8'-apo-beta-carotenal, 4'-apo-beta-carotenal, alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene in decreasing order. The presence of at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring in a substrate greater than C(30) is mandatory [5]. A prokaryotic enzyme has been reported from the uncultured marine bacterium 66A03, where it is involved in the proteorhodopsin system, which uses retinal as its chromophore [6,7].
History
EC 1.13.11.63 created 2012 (EC 1.14.99.36 created 1972 as EC 1.13.11.21, transferred 2001 to EC 1.14.99.36, incorporated 2015), modified 2016
Pathway
Orthology
K00515 beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
K21817 beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
Genes
MMYO : 118671234 118674813(BCO1)
DRE : 393580(bco1l) 84039(bco1)
SRX : 107727089 107727092 107730091
SANH : 107654342 107654352 107686809
SGH : 107562788 107562794 107584731 107584751
CCAR : 109107540 109110467 109110468 109110982
CAUA : 113051774 113106487 113106488
CGIB : 127962425 127962426 128016523
PTET : 122348050(bco1) 122349744(bco1l)
LROH : 127168523(bco1l) 127168987(bco1)
OMC : 131543254(bco1l) 131544153(bco1)
PPRM : 120492593(bco1) 120492750(bco1l)
RKG : 130100341(bco1l) 130100363(bco1)
MAMB : 125265772(bco1l) 125265773(bco1)
CIDE : 127516106 127516537
CERY : 137030088(bco1l) 137030929(bco1)
MASI : 127415260 127440575 127440595 127455770
TROS : 130552050(bco1l) 130557519(bco1)
TDW : 130423919(bco1) 130424531(bco1l)
MANU : 129451007(bco1) 129451018(bco1l)
IPU : 108271003(bco1) 108271004(bco1l)
IFU : 128614200(bco1l) 128614219(bco1)
PHYP : 113536683 113536734
SMEO : 124391287(bco1l) 124391288(bco1)
TFD : 113646642(bco1l) 113646782(bco1)
TVC : 132856481(bco1) 132856497(bco1l)
TRN : 134331629(bco1l) 134331677(bco1)
AMEX : 103036396(bco1l) 103036998(bco1)
CMAO : 118818629(bco1l) 118819357(bco1)
CHAR : 105906501(bco1l) 105906502(bco1) 116220811
SPIL : 134095306(bco1) 134095606(bco1l)
TRU : 101076274(bco1) 101078539
TFS : 130513399(bco1) 130522637(bco1l)
TNG : GSTEN00007677G001 GSTEN00012538G001
TBEN : 117472313(bco1l) 117483913(bco1)
CGOB : 115004956 115025671
EMAC : 134858151(bco1) 134860983(bco1l)
ELY : 117249967(bco1l) 117264319(bco1)
EFO : 125881481(bco1) 125884830(bco1l)
PLEP : 121960359(bco1) 121962989(bco1l)
SLUC : 116051093(bco1) 116055636(bco1l)
PFLV : 114549355(bco1) 114551246
GAT : 120811631(bco1) 120814859(bco1l)
PPUG : 119198765(bco1) 119220406(bco1l)
AFB : 129110937(bco1) 129111637(bco1l)
CLUM : 117746558(bco1l) 117749934(bco1)
PSWI : 130204742(bco1l) 130205985(bco1)
CANA : 137788834(bco1) 137803529(bco1l)
CVE : 137871615(bco1) 137887850(bco1l)
MSAM : 119904985(bco1l) 119908238(bco1)
SCHU : 122866680(bco1) 122871934(bco1l)
CUD : 121506263(bco1l) 121527513(bco1)
SPUL : 138596092(bco1) 138603282(bco1l)
LMIX : 132959462(bco1l) 132993939(bco1)
ALAT : 119008343(bco1) 119015125(bco1l)
ASTR : 137587524(bco1) 137591552(bco1l)
OAU : 116316701(bco1l) 116328308(bco1)
OML : 112151052(bco1) 112156770(bco1l)
CSAI : 133422921(bco1) 133425251(bco1l)
PRET : 103457901 103482517(bco1)
GAF : 122824343(bco1) 122827072(bco1l)
PPRL : 129356618(bco1l) 129364841
CTUL : 119771609(bco1l) 119784619(bco1)
GMU : 124858258(bco1) 124861460(bco1l)
KMR : 108244032(bco1) 108246824(bco1l)
ALIM : 106517577 106529014
NWH : 119426267(bco1) 119428916(bco1l)
AOCE : 111586032 111589149
EJA : 138199438(bco1) 138206901(bco1l)
BFRE : 138631778(bco1) 138634364(bco1l)
MCEP : 124995733(bco1) 125000656(bco1l)
CSEM : 103376919 103389784
SSEN : 122759699(bco1l) 122768293(bco1)
HHIP : 117754152(bco1) 117773410(bco1l)
HSP : 118098640(bco1) 118103635(bco1l)
PPLT : 128425846(bco1) 128430938(bco1l)
SMAU : 118291059(bco1) 118309464(bco1l)
LCF : 108873195 108883998(bco1)
SLAL : 111646867 111662996
XGL : 120790011(bco1) 120797958(bco1l)
SSCV : 125986021(bco1) 125989427(bco1l)
SBIA : 133492718(bco1) 133510080(bco1l)
PEE : 133396435(bco1) 133411219(bco1l)
PTAO : 133470453(bco1) 133484399(bco1l)
BPEC : 110161019(bco1) 110164025
MALB : 109955625 109963704
BSPL : 114852864(bco1) 114865931(bco1l)
SJO : 128354600(bco1l) 128382303(bco1)
SSCO : 133976648(bco1l) 134002354(bco1)
SASA : 101448034(bcmo1) 101448035 106562095
STRU : 115167281 115167282
OTW : 112249158 112249159 112263687
OMY : 110506506 110526385 110526946(bco1)
OGO : 124033772 124033773(bco1) 124035751
ONE : 115112228 115112229 115112230
OKI : 109887517 109887529 109895405
OKE : 118359231 118393845(bco1) 118393847
OMM : 135503644 135548729(bco1) 135548737(bco1l)
SALP : 111969357 111969360 112068646
SNH : 120025028 120046805 120046840
CCLU : 121555741 121555743 121556361 121559480
PKI : 111833019(bco1) 111833024
AANG : 118227562(bco1) 118228527(bco1l)
AROT : 135255664(bco1) 135255666(bco1l)
CCOG : 133131189(bco1l) 133131392(bco1)
PSPA : 121296499(bco1l) 121326205(bco1)
ARUT : 117424349(bco1l) 117425608(bco1)
PSEX : 120535467(bco1l) 120535468
PMRN : 116944239 116952124 116955979(BCO1)
LRJ : 133350937 133354821 133357924(BCO1)
BFO : 118405416 118405420 118409706 118412454 118425838 118430335
BBEL : 109465708 109471927 109480033
APLC : 110986645 110986662
PFLL : 139115130 139115467 139133502 139136364 139136984
FCD : 110846545 110846938 110847115 110852649
PTRU : 123504625 123505767 123505907 123509946
ESN : 126993495 127001576 127007111 127007882
LSM : 121113504 121114102 121114104 121117655 121117825 121117914 121118101 121118198 121118435 121119625 121119626 121120559 121120616 121122055 121126346 121126375 121126376 121126378 121126379 121126380 121126381 121126382 121126416 121128363 121128393 121128394 121128395 121131005 121131006 121131698 121131699 121131800
PPOI : 119095839 119095906
DSV : 119442737 119442747 119442761 119442768 119448967
RSAN : 119383762 119394830 119395194
LGI : LOTGIDRAFT_167306 LOTGIDRAFT_175541 LOTGIDRAFT_195993 LOTGIDRAFT_209535
LSAX : 138955154 138967033 138981887
HRF : 124127802 124136145 124136147 124136226
HRJ : 124274827 124284641 124284642 124284668
HASI : 137256099 137291779 137291780 137291781
PMAX : 117326864 117327756 117338088 117338261 117338502 117344162 117344260 117344880
AIRR : 138310455 138314448 138315276 138315280 138327618
LJP : 135465736 135465979 135477527
RES : 135695459 135695465 135695599
MPQ : ABA45_08860 ABA45_13165
SSAL : SPISAL_04630 SPISAL_04965
HYP : A0257_12995 A0257_17635
SRU : SRU_0742(brp) SRU_2210
SRM : SRM_00919(brp) SRM_02436
HAL : VNG_1465G(brp) VNG_2136G(blh)
HSL : OE_3102R(brp) OE_3980R(blh)
HANR : LJ422_05960 LJ422_08585
HAGS : JT689_07280 JT689_09935
HABO : JRZ79_05710 JRZ79_08315
SAIM : K0C01_06250 K0C01_07125
HARA : AArcS_2587 AArcS_2786
HMA : rrnAC1901(brp) rrnAC2066(blh)
HHI : HAH_2414(brp) HAH_2561(blh)
HHN : HISP_12290 HISP_13030
HAB : SG26_04605 SG26_05300
HTA : BVU17_11745 BVU17_12385
HALJ : G9465_06230 G9465_06635
HSIN : KDQ40_00565 KDQ40_01360
NPH : NP_0206A(brp) NP_0650A(blh)
NMO : Nmlp_1292(blh) Nmlp_3577(brp)
HALA : Hrd1104_00340 Hrd1104_03710
HASV : SVXHr_0191 SVXHr_1254(blh)
HABN : HBNXHr_0183 HBNXHr_1238(blh)
HALZ : E5139_09590 E5139_11550
HAZP : GBQ70_09585 GBQ70_11545
HSN : DV733_07115 DV733_09840
HDS : HSR122_0173 HSR122_2589
HLT : I7X12_05355 I7X12_10570
SSAI : N0B31_16915 N0B31_19500
HWA : HQ_1019A(blh) HQ_1864A(brp)
HWC : Hqrw_1021(blh) Hqrw_2002(brp)
HRA : EI982_09635 EI982_11175
HALP : DOS48_12490 DOS48_13600
HALB : EKH57_08315 EKH57_10900
HEZZ : EO776_04180 EO776_15185
HALQ : Hrr1229_003125 Hrr1229_006995
HSS : J7656_01740 J7656_12680
HSAI : HPS36_03025 HPS36_07240
HAZZ : KI388_01665 KI388_13165
HRM : K6T25_06255 K6T25_12715
HACB : Hbl1158_11745 Hbl1158_16015
HDF : AArcSl_2784(blh) AArcSl_2791(blh2)
HLC : CHINAEXTREME13545 CHINAEXTREME13555
NAG : AArcMg_0473 AArcMg_0575
NAN : AArc1_0484 AArc1_0587
» show all
Taxonomy
Reference
Authors
Goodman DS, Huang HS, Shiratori T.
Title
Mechanism of the biosynthesis of vitamin A from beta-carotene.
Journal
J Biol Chem 241:1929-32 (1966)
Reference
2
Authors
Goodman DS, Huang HS, Kanai M, Shiratori T.
Title
The enzymatic conversion of all-trans beta-carotene into retinal.
Journal
J Biol Chem 242:3543-3554 (1967)
Reference
Authors
Yan W, Jang GF, Haeseleer F, Esumi N, Chang J, Kerrigan M, Campochiaro M, Campochiaro P, Palczewski K, Zack DJ
Title
Cloning and characterization of a human beta,beta-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase that is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium.
Journal
Sequence
Reference
Authors
Leuenberger MG, Engeloch-Jarret C, Woggon WD.
Title
The Reaction Mechanism of the Enzyme-Catalyzed Central Cleavage of beta-Carotene to Retinal This research was supported by F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG and the Swiss National Science Foundation. We are grateful to F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG for a generous gift of carotenoids and Dr. Claus Bornemann for preliminary experiments.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim YS, Oh DK
Title
Substrate specificity of a recombinant chicken beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase that converts beta-carotene into retinal.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim YS, Kim NH, Yeom SJ, Kim SW, Oh DK
Title
In vitro characterization of a recombinant Blh protein from an uncultured marine bacterium as a beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase.
Journal
Sequence
Reference
Authors
Kim YS, Park CS, Oh DK
Title
Retinal production from beta-carotene by beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase from an unculturable marine bacterium.
Journal
Sequence
Reference
Authors
dela Sena C, Riedl KM, Narayanasamy S, Curley RW Jr, Schwartz SJ, Harrison EH
Title
The human enzyme that converts dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A is a dioxygenase.
Journal
Sequence
Other DBs