Entry
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
hsa04974 Protein digestion and absorption
Ortholog table
Drug
D06553 Alogliptin benzoate (JAN/USAN)
D06578 Denagliptin tosylate (USAN)
D06645 Sitagliptin phosphate (USAN)
D07080 Vildagliptin (JAN/USAN/INN)
D08631 Carmegliptin (USAN/INN)
D09326 Carmegliptin dihydrochloride (USAN)
D09334 Dutogliptin tartrate (USAN)
D09566 Linagliptin (JAN/USAN/INN)
D09753 Saxagliptin hydrate (JAN)
D09756 Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate (JAN)
D10179 Trelagliptin succinate (JAN/USAN)
D10262 Saxagliptin hydrochloride
D10317 Omarigliptin (JAN/USAN/INN)
D11968 Teneligliptin hydrobromide (JAN)
D12294 Sitagliptin phosphate (JAN)
D12632 Beremagene geperpavec (USAN/INN)
D12703 Linagliptin hydrate (JAN)
D13055 Sitagliptin hydrochloride
Other DBs
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:
hsa ]
Gene
1506 CTRL; chymotrypsin like [KO:K09632 ] [EC:3.4.21.-]
6550 SLC9A3; solute carrier family 9 member A3 [KO:K12040 ]
6564 SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206 ]
23439 ATP1B4; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting family member beta 4 [KO:K01540 ]
481 ATP1B1; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1 [KO:K01540 ]
482 ATP1B2; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2 [KO:K01540 ]
483 ATP1B3; ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3 [KO:K01540 ]
486 FXYD2; FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 2 [KO:K01538 ]
3783 KCNN4; potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 4 [KO:K04945 ]
8645 KCNK5; potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916 ]
10008 KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K04897 ]
3784 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 [KO:K04926 ]
3769 KCNJ13; potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 13 [KO:K05006 ]
54407 SLC38A2; solute carrier family 38 member 2 [KO:K14207 ]
6505 SLC1A1; solute carrier family 1 member 1 [KO:K05612 ]
6510 SLC1A5; solute carrier family 1 member 5 [KO:K05616 ]
6543 SLC8A2; solute carrier family 8 member A2 [KO:K05849 ]
6546 SLC8A1; solute carrier family 8 member A1 [KO:K05849 ]
6547 SLC8A3; solute carrier family 8 member A3 [KO:K05849 ]
340024 SLC6A19; solute carrier family 6 member 19 [KO:K05334 ]
6520 SLC3A2; solute carrier family 3 member 2 [KO:K06519 ]
23428 SLC7A8; solute carrier family 7 member 8 [KO:K13781 ]
120103 SLC36A4; solute carrier family 36 member 4 [KO:K14209 ]
153201 SLC36A2; solute carrier family 36 member 2 [KO:K14209 ]
206358 SLC36A1; solute carrier family 36 member 1 [KO:K14209 ]
285641 SLC36A3; solute carrier family 36 member 3 [KO:K14209 ]
117247 SLC16A10; solute carrier family 16 member 10 [KO:K08187 ]
6519 SLC3A1; solute carrier family 3 member 1 [KO:K14210 ]
11136 SLC7A9; solute carrier family 7 member 9 [KO:K13868 ]
9056 SLC7A7; solute carrier family 7 member 7 [KO:K13867 ]
1277 COL1A1; collagen type I alpha 1 chain [KO:K06236 ]
1278 COL1A2; collagen type I alpha 2 chain [KO:K06236 ]
1280 COL2A1; collagen type II alpha 1 chain [KO:K19719 ]
1281 COL3A1; collagen type III alpha 1 chain [KO:K19720 ]
1282 COL4A1; collagen type IV alpha 1 chain [KO:K06237 ]
1284 COL4A2; collagen type IV alpha 2 chain [KO:K06237 ]
1285 COL4A3; collagen type IV alpha 3 chain [KO:K06237 ]
1286 COL4A4; collagen type IV alpha 4 chain [KO:K06237 ]
1287 COL4A5; collagen type IV alpha 5 chain [KO:K06237 ]
1288 COL4A6; collagen type IV alpha 6 chain [KO:K06237 ]
1289 COL5A1; collagen type V alpha 1 chain [KO:K19721 ]
1290 COL5A2; collagen type V alpha 2 chain [KO:K19721 ]
1301 COL11A1; collagen type XI alpha 1 chain [KO:K19721 ]
1302 COL11A2; collagen type XI alpha 2 chain [KO:K19721 ]
255631 COL24A1; collagen type XXIV alpha 1 chain [KO:K19721 ]
50509 COL5A3; collagen type V alpha 3 chain [KO:K19721 ]
85301 COL27A1; collagen type XXVII alpha 1 chain [KO:K19721 ]
1291 COL6A1; collagen type VI alpha 1 chain [KO:K06238 ]
1292 COL6A2; collagen type VI alpha 2 chain [KO:K06238 ]
1293 COL6A3; collagen type VI alpha 3 chain [KO:K06238 ]
1294 COL7A1; collagen type VII alpha 1 chain [KO:K16628 ]
1295 COL8A1; collagen type VIII alpha 1 chain [KO:K23455 ]
1296 COL8A2; collagen type VIII alpha 2 chain [KO:K23455 ]
1297 COL9A1; collagen type IX alpha 1 chain [KO:K08131 ]
1298 COL9A2; collagen type IX alpha 2 chain [KO:K08131 ]
1299 COL9A3; collagen type IX alpha 3 chain [KO:K08131 ]
1300 COL10A1; collagen type X alpha 1 chain [KO:K19479 ]
1303 COL12A1; collagen type XII alpha 1 chain [KO:K08132 ]
1305 COL13A1; collagen type XIII alpha 1 chain [KO:K16617 ]
7373 COL14A1; collagen type XIV alpha 1 chain [KO:K08133 ]
1306 COL15A1; collagen type XV alpha 1 chain [KO:K08135 ]
1307 COL16A1; collagen type XVI alpha 1 chain [KO:K24339 ]
1308 COL17A1; collagen type XVII alpha 1 chain [KO:K07603 ]
80781 COL18A1; collagen type XVIII alpha 1 chain [KO:K06823 ]
1310 COL19A1; collagen type XIX alpha 1 chain [KO:K24340 ]
57642 COL20A1; collagen type XX alpha 1 chain [KO:K24357 ]
81578 COL21A1; collagen type XXI alpha 1 chain [KO:K16629 ]
169044 COL22A1; collagen type XXII alpha 1 chain [KO:K16630 ]
91522 COL23A1; collagen type XXIII alpha 1 chain [KO:K24355 ]
84570 COL25A1; collagen type XXV alpha 1 chain [KO:K24356 ]
136227 COL26A1; collagen type XXVI alpha 1 chain [KO:K24358 ]
340267 COL28A1; collagen type XXVIII alpha 1 chain [KO:K23619 ]
Compound
C05996 Branched chain fatty acid
Reference
Authors
Broer S
Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Goodman BE
Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Broer S
Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wu G
Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Daniel H
Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bai JP
Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
Journal
Reference
Authors
John H.Cummings
Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
Journal
Related pathway
hsa00250 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
KO pathway