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KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05412
Entry
hsa05412                    Pathway                                
Name
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart muscle disease that may result in arrhythmia, heart failure, and sudden death. The hallmark pathological findings are progressive myocyte loss and fibrofatty replacement, with a predilection for the right ventricle. A number of genetic studies have identified mutations in various components of the cardiac desmosome that have important roles in the pathogenesis of ARVC. Disruption of desmosomal function by defective proteins might lead to death of myocytes under mechanical stress. The myocardial injury may be accompanied by inflammation. Since regeneration of cardiac myocytes is limited, repair by fibrofatty replacement occurs. Several studies have implicated that desmosome dysfunction results in the delocalization and nuclear translocation of plakoglobin. As a result, competition between plakoglobin and beta-catenin will lead to the inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, resulting in a shift from a myocyte fate towards an adipocyte fate of cells. The ryanodine receptor plays a crucial part in electromechanical coupling by control of release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. Therefore, defects in this receptor could result in an imbalance of calcium homeostasis that might trigger cell death.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
Pathway map
hsa05412  Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
hsa05412

Disease
H00293  Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
3672  ITGA1; integrin subunit alpha 1 [KO:K06480]
3673  ITGA2; integrin subunit alpha 2 [KO:K06481]
3674  ITGA2B; integrin subunit alpha 2b [KO:K06476]
3675  ITGA3; integrin subunit alpha 3 [KO:K06482]
3676  ITGA4; integrin subunit alpha 4 [KO:K06483]
3678  ITGA5; integrin subunit alpha 5 [KO:K06484]
3655  ITGA6; integrin subunit alpha 6 [KO:K06485]
3679  ITGA7; integrin subunit alpha 7 [KO:K06583]
8516  ITGA8; integrin subunit alpha 8 [KO:K06584]
3680  ITGA9; integrin subunit alpha 9 [KO:K06585]
8515  ITGA10; integrin subunit alpha 10 [KO:K06586]
22801  ITGA11; integrin subunit alpha 11 [KO:K06587]
3685  ITGAV; integrin subunit alpha V [KO:K06487]
3688  ITGB1; integrin subunit beta 1 [KO:K05719]
3690  ITGB3; integrin subunit beta 3 [KO:K06493]
3691  ITGB4; integrin subunit beta 4 [KO:K06525]
3693  ITGB5; integrin subunit beta 5 [KO:K06588]
3694  ITGB6; integrin subunit beta 6 [KO:K06589]
3695  ITGB7; integrin subunit beta 7 [KO:K06590]
3696  ITGB8; integrin subunit beta 8 [KO:K06591]
8082  SSPN; sarcospan [KO:K22194]
6442  SGCA; sarcoglycan alpha [KO:K12565]
6443  SGCB; sarcoglycan beta [KO:K12566]
6445  SGCG; sarcoglycan gamma [KO:K12564]
6444  SGCD; sarcoglycan delta [KO:K12563]
8910  SGCE; sarcoglycan epsilon [KO:K27061]
137868  SGCZ; sarcoglycan zeta [KO:K27062]
284217  LAMA1; laminin subunit alpha 1 [KO:K05637]
3908  LAMA2; laminin subunit alpha 2 [KO:K05637]
1605  DAG1; dystroglycan 1 [KO:K06265]
859  CAV3; caveolin 3 [KO:K12959]
4842  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase 1 [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
6640  SNTA1; syntrophin alpha 1 [KO:K24063]
6645  SNTB2; syntrophin beta 2 [KO:K24064]
6641  SNTB1; syntrophin beta 1 [KO:K24064]
1837  DTNA; dystrobrevin alpha [KO:K26998]
1756  DMD; dystrophin [KO:K10366]
1674  DES; desmin [KO:K07610]
71  ACTG1; actin gamma 1 [KO:K05692]
60  ACTB; actin beta [KO:K05692]
2010  EMD; emerin [KO:K12569]
4000  LMNA; lamin A/C [KO:K12641]
1499  CTNNB1; catenin beta 1 [KO:K02105]
6932  TCF7; transcription factor 7 [KO:K02620]
83439  TCF7L1; transcription factor 7 like 1 [KO:K04490]
6934  TCF7L2; transcription factor 7 like 2 [KO:K04491]
51176  LEF1; lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 [KO:K04492]
775  CACNA1C; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C [KO:K04850]
776  CACNA1D; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D [KO:K04851]
778  CACNA1F; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F [KO:K04853]
779  CACNA1S; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S [KO:K04857]
782  CACNB1; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 1 [KO:K04862]
783  CACNB2; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2 [KO:K04863]
784  CACNB3; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 3 [KO:K04864]
785  CACNB4; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 4 [KO:K04865]
781  CACNA2D1; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1 [KO:K04858]
9254  CACNA2D2; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2 [KO:K04859]
55799  CACNA2D3; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3 [KO:K04860]
93589  CACNA2D4; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 4 [KO:K04861]
786  CACNG1; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1 [KO:K04866]
10369  CACNG2; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 2 [KO:K04867]
10368  CACNG3; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 3 [KO:K04868]
27092  CACNG4; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4 [KO:K04869]
27091  CACNG5; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 5 [KO:K04870]
59285  CACNG6; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 6 [KO:K04871]
59284  CACNG7; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 7 [KO:K04872]
59283  CACNG8; calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 8 [KO:K04873]
6262  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
487  ATP2A1; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
489  ATP2A3; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 3 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
488  ATP2A2; ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
6546  SLC8A1; solute carrier family 8 member A1 [KO:K05849]
6543  SLC8A2; solute carrier family 8 member A2 [KO:K05849]
6547  SLC8A3; solute carrier family 8 member A3 [KO:K05849]
1000  CDH2; cadherin 2 [KO:K06736]
3728  JUP; junction plakoglobin [KO:K10056]
29119  CTNNA3; catenin alpha 3 [KO:K05691]
1495  CTNNA1; catenin alpha 1 [KO:K05691]
1496  CTNNA2; catenin alpha 2 [KO:K05691]
89  ACTN3; actinin alpha 3 [KO:K21073]
88  ACTN2; actinin alpha 2 [KO:K21073]
1824  DSC2; desmocollin 2 [KO:K07601]
5318  PKP2; plakophilin 2 [KO:K12642]
1832  DSP; desmoplakin [KO:K10381]
1829  DSG2; desmoglein 2 [KO:K07597]
2697  GJA1; gap junction protein alpha 1 [KO:K07372]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C01330  Sodium cation
Reference
  Authors
Herren T, Gerber PA, Duru F
  Title
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a not so rare "disease of the desmosome" with multiple clinical presentations.
  Journal
Clin Res Cardiol 98:141-58 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00392-009-0751-4
Reference
  Authors
van Tintelen JP, Hofstra RM, Wiesfeld AC, van den Berg MP, Hauer RN, Jongbloed JD
  Title
Molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: emerging horizon?
  Journal
Curr Opin Cardiol 22:185-92 (2007)
DOI:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3280d942c4
Reference
  Authors
Fatkin D, Graham RM
  Title
Molecular mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 82:945-80 (2002)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00012.2002
Reference
  Authors
Franz WM, Muller OJ, Katus HA
  Title
Cardiomyopathies: from genetics to the prospect of treatment.
  Journal
Lancet 358:1627-37 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06657-0
Reference
  Authors
MacRae CA, Birchmeier W, Thierfelder L
  Title
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: moving toward mechanism.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 116:1825-8 (2006)
DOI:10.1172/JCI29174
Reference
  Authors
Awad MM, Calkins H, Judge DP
  Title
Mechanisms of disease: molecular genetics of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5:258-67 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/ncpcardio1182
Reference
  Authors
Sen-Chowdhry S, Syrris P, McKenna WJ
  Title
Genetics of right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16:927-35 (2005)
DOI:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.40842.x
Reference
  Authors
Ahmad F, Seidman JG, Seidman CE
  Title
The genetic basis for cardiac remodeling.
  Journal
Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6:185-216 (2005)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162132
Related
pathway
hsa04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
hsa04310  Wnt signaling pathway
hsa04512  ECM-receptor interaction
hsa04540  Gap junction
KO pathway
ko05412   

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