PATHWAY: ko05111 Help
Entry
Name
Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae
Description
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous advantages to microorganisms. On the other hand, biofilm formation is an energetically costly process and therefore must be tightly regulated and plastic, enabling biofilm bacteria to be responsive to the various environmental cues. The quorum sensing (QS) pathway of Vibrio cholerae activates the expression of VpsR, VpsT and AphA (the main activators of biofilm formation) at low cell density and HapR (the main repressor) at high cell density. At low cell density, biofilm genes, including Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) biosynthesis genes and the major extracellular matrix genes RbmA, RbmC, and Bap1, are expressed. The QS pathway also leads to induction of virulence factors such as toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CTX), essential for colonization of the host and enterotoxicity, respectively. The VarS/VarA signaling system responds to an unknown environmental cue and represses biofilm production by process which involves the regulatory sRNAs CsrB, CsrC and CsrD and the RNA-binding protein CsrA, interfering with LuxO of the QS pathway. The second messenger cAMP acts as a repressor of biofilm formation. cAMP is generated by adenylate cyclase CyaA, and in complex with cAMP receptor protein (CRP), this nucleotide has been shown to upregulate HapR production through the positive regulation of the CAI-I synthase CqsA and the negative regulation of Fis. The second messenger c-di-GMP is a key signalling molecule controlling motility and biofilm matrix production. High cellular levels of c-di-GMP promote enhanced transcription of genes involved in biofilm formation, possibly by promoting VpsT-mediated transcriptional activation of vps genes.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
ko05111 Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae
Module
M00852 Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity signature, toxin coregulated pilus [PATH:ko05111 ]
Orthology
K01791 wecB; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (non-hydrolysing) [EC:5.1.3.14 ]
K02405 fliA, whiG; RNA polymerase sigma factor FliA
K02452 gspC; general secretion pathway protein C
K02453 gspD; general secretion pathway protein D
K02455 gspF; general secretion pathway protein F
K02456 gspG; general secretion pathway protein G
K02457 gspH; general secretion pathway protein H
K02458 gspI; general secretion pathway protein I
K02459 gspJ; general secretion pathway protein J
K02460 gspK; general secretion pathway protein K
K02461 gspL; general secretion pathway protein L
K02462 gspM; general secretion pathway protein M
K02463 gspN; general secretion pathway protein N
K02472 wecC; UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.336 ]
K02777 crr; sugar PTS system EIIA component [EC:2.7.1.-]
K03087 rpoS; RNA polymerase nonessential primary-like sigma factor
K03092 rpoN; RNA polymerase sigma-54 factor
K03557 fis; Fis family transcriptional regulator, factor for inversion stimulation protein
K03563 csrA; carbon storage regulator
K03606 wcaJ; undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase [EC:2.7.8.31 ]
K03666 hfq; host factor-I protein
K07678 barA, gacS, varS; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase BarA [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07689 uvrY, gacA, varA; two-component system, NarL family, invasion response regulator UvrY
K08720 ompU; outer membrane protein OmpU
K10909 luxQ; two-component system, autoinducer 2 sensor kinase/phosphatase LuxQ [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-]
K10910 luxP; autoinducer 2-binding periplasmic protein LuxP
K10911 luxU; two-component system, phosphorelay protein LuxU
K10912 luxO; two-component system, repressor protein LuxO
K10913 hapR, luxR, litR; TetR/AcrR family transcriptional regulator, hemagglutinin/protease regulatory protein
K10914 crp; CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein
K10915 cqsA; CAI-1 autoinducer synthase [EC:2.3.-.-]
K10916 cqsS; two-component system, CAI-1 autoinducer sensor kinase/phosphatase CqsS [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-]
K10917 aphA; PadR family transcriptional regulator, regulatory protein AphA
K10918 aphB; LysR family transcriptional regulator, transcriptional activator AphB
K10919 tcpH; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein H
K10920 tcpP; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein P
K10921 toxR; cholera toxin transcriptional activator
K10922 toxS; transmembrane regulatory protein ToxS
K10923 tcpN, toxT; AraC family transcriptional regulator, TCP pilus virulence regulatory protein
K10924 mshA; MSHA pilin protein MshA
K10925 mshB; MSHA pilin protein MshB
K10926 mshC; MSHA pilin protein MshC
K10927 mshD; MSHA pilin protein MshD
K10929 ctxB; cholera enterotoxin subunit B
K10930 tcpA; toxin coregulated pilin
K10931 tcpB; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein B
K10932 tcpC; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis outer membrane protein C
K10933 tcpD; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein D
K10934 tcpE; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein E
K10935 tcpF; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein F
K10936 acfA; accessory colonization factor AcfA
K10937 acfB; accessory colonization factor AcfB
K10938 acfC; accessory colonization factor AcfC
K10939 acfD; accessory colonization factor AcfD
K10940 ompT; outer membrane protein OmpT
K10941 flrA, fleQ, flaK; sigma-54 dependent transcriptional regulator, flagellar regulatory protein
K10942 flrB, fleS, flaL; two-component system, sensor histidine kinase FlrB [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K10943 flrC, fleR, flaM; two-component system, response regulator FlrC
K10961 tcpI; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein I
K10962 tcpQ; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein Q
K10963 tcpR; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein R
K10964 tcpS; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein S
K10965 tcpT; toxin coregulated pilus biosynthesis protein T
K12276 mshE; MSHA biogenesis protein MshE
K15851 qrr; quorum regulatory RNA Qrr
K16554 exoP, vpsO; polysaccharide biosynthesis transport protein [EC:2.7.10.3 ]
K18515 csrB; small regulatory RNA CsrB
K20918 vpsT; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, positive regulator of biofilm formation
K20919 vpsR, cpsR; sigma-54 dependent transcriptional regulator, positive regulator of biofilm formation
K20920 vpsM; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsM
K20921 vpsD, epsF; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsD
K20922 vpsI; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsI
K20946 vpsE; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsE
K20947 vpsF; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsF
K20948 vpsJ; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsJ
K20949 vpsP; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsP
K20950 vpsQ; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsQ
K20951 bap1; extracellular matrix protein
K20952 rbmC; rugosity and biofilm structure modulator C
K20953 rbmA; rugosity and biofilm structure modulator A
K20988 vpsN; polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein VpsN
K25886 vpsK; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsK
Compound
C18076 5'-Phosphoguanylyl(3'->5')guanosine
Reference
Authors
Teschler JK, Zamorano-Sanchez D, Utada AS, Warner CJ, Wong GC, Linington RG, Yildiz FH
Title
Living in the matrix: assembly and control of Vibrio cholerae biofilms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dang H, Lovell CR
Title
Microbial Surface Colonization and Biofilm Development in Marine Environments.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hengge R
Title
Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Liang ZX
Title
The expanding roles of c-di-GMP in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and secondary metabolites.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sandkvist M, Michel LO, Hough LP, Morales VM, Bagdasarian M, Koomey M, DiRita VJ, Bagdasarian M
Title
General secretion pathway (eps) genes required for toxin secretion and outer membrane biogenesis in Vibrio cholerae.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lenz DH, Miller MB, Zhu J, Kulkarni RV, Bassler BL
Title
CsrA and three redundant small RNAs regulate quorum sensing in Vibrio cholerae.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Houot L, Watnick PI
Title
A novel role for enzyme I of the Vibrio cholerae phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in regulation of growth in a biofilm.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Liang W, Silva AJ, Benitez JA
Title
The cyclic AMP receptor protein modulates colonial morphology in Vibrio cholerae.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lenz DH, Bassler BL
Title
The small nucleoid protein Fis is involved in Vibrio cholerae quorum sensing.
Journal
Related pathway
All links
No link information was found.