KEGG PATHWAY: map04918

PATHWAY: map04918

Entry

map04918                    Pathway

Name

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Description

Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are essential for normal development, growth and metabolic homeostasis in all vertebrates, and synthesized in the thyroid gland. The functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle, delimited by a monolayer of thyrocytes. Polarized thyrocytes surround the follicular lumen; with their basal and apical surfaces facing the bloodstream and the lumen, respectively. To synthesize thyroid hormones, thyrocytes take up iodide at their basal side and concentrate it into the lumen. They also secrete in this lumen the specialized protein thyroglobulin (TG) which serves as a store for the hormones. In the follicular lumen oxidation of iodine, iodination of tyrosines (MIT, 3-monoiodotyrosine; DIT, 3,5-diiodotyrosine) and coupling of iodotyrosines takes place on tyrosine residues in TG, resulting in T3 and T4 synthesis. Iodinated TG is resorbed through the apical membrane and degraded to form T3/T4 in lysosomes; the T3/T4 is then secreted through the basal membrane.

Class

Organismal Systems; Endocrine system

Pathway map

map04918

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Other DBs

GO:

0006590

Reference

PMID:21448409

Authors

Ahad F, Ganie SA

Title

Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited.

Journal

Indian J Endocrinol Metab 14:13-7 (2010)

Reference

PMID:11717564

Authors

Gillam MP, Kopp P

Title

Genetic defects in thyroid hormone synthesis.

Journal

Curr Opin Pediatr 13:364-72 (2001)
DOI:10.1097/00008480-200108000-00014

Reference

PMID:20167242

Authors

Rokita SE, Adler JM, McTamney PM, Watson JA Jr

Title

Efficient use and recycling of the micronutrient iodide in mammals.

Journal

Biochimie 92:1227-35 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.013

Reference

PMID:21683758

Authors

Massart C, Hoste C, Virion A, Ruf J, Dumont JE, Van Sande J

Title

Cell biology of H2O2 generation in the thyroid: investigation of the control of dual oxidases (DUOX) activity in intact ex vivo thyroid tissue and cell lines.

Journal

Mol Cell Endocrinol 343:32-44 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.047

Reference

PMID:19196800

Authors

Bizhanova A, Kopp P

Title

Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid.

Journal

Endocrinology 150:1084-90 (2009)
DOI:10.1210/en.2008-1437

Reference

PMID:21986207

Authors

Fong P

Title

Thyroid iodide efflux: a team effort?

Journal

J Physiol 589:5929-39 (2011)
DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.218594

Reference

PMID:17666482

Authors

Song Y, Driessens N, Costa M, De Deken X, Detours V, Corvilain B, Maenhaut C, Miot F, Van Sande J, Many MC, Dumont JE

Title

Roles of hydrogen peroxide in thyroid physiology and disease.

Journal

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3764-73 (2007)
DOI:10.1210/jc.2007-0660

Reference

PMID:11137035

Authors

Kohn LD, Suzuki K, Nakazato M, Royaux I, Green ED

Title

Effects of thyroglobulin and pendrin on iodide flux through the thyrocyte.

Journal

Trends Endocrinol Metab 12:10-6 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00337-4

Reference

PMID:11029276

Authors

Marino M, McCluskey RT

Title

Role of thyroglobulin endocytic pathways in the control of thyroid hormone release.

Journal

Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279:C1295-306 (2000)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.5.C1295

Reference

PMID:16870170

Authors

Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM

Title

Molecular advances in thyroglobulin disorders.

Journal

Clin Chim Acta 374:8-24 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2006.05.043

Reference

PMID:10893432

Authors

De La Vieja A, Dohan O, Levy O, Carrasco N

Title

Molecular analysis of the sodium/iodide symporter: impact on thyroid and extrathyroid pathophysiology.

Journal

Physiol Rev 80:1083-105 (2000)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1083

Reference

PMID:20407074

Authors

Ohye H, Sugawara M

Title

Dual oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and thyroid diseases.

Journal

Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235:424-33 (2010)
DOI:10.1258/ebm.2009.009241

Reference

PMID:20093166

Authors

Targovnik HM, Esperante SA, Rivolta CM

Title

Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism and goiter due to thyroglobulin mutations.

Journal

Mol Cell Endocrinol 322:44-55 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.009

Reference

PMID:20122987

Authors

Grasberger H

Title

Defects of thyroidal hydrogen peroxide generation in congenital hypothyroidism.

Journal

Mol Cell Endocrinol 322:99-106 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.029

Reference

PMID:9086577

Authors

Arvan P, Kim PS, Kuliawat R, Prabakaran D, Muresan Z, Yoo SE, Abu Hossain S

Title

Intracellular protein transport to the thyrocyte plasma membrane: potential implications for thyroid physiology.

Journal

Thyroid 7:89-105 (1997)
DOI:10.1089/thy.1997.7.89

Reference

PMID:15611820

Authors

Vono-Toniolo J, Kopp P

Title

Thyroglobulin gene mutations and other genetic defects associated with congenital hypothyroidism.

Journal

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 48:70-82 (2004)
DOI:10.1590/S0004-27302004000100009

Reference

PMID:23438835

Authors

Vitale G, Salvioli S, Franceschi C

Title

Oxidative stress and the ageing endocrine system.

Journal

Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:228-40 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2013.29

Reference

PMID:20378719

Authors

Calebiro D, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ

Title

Imaging of persistent cAMP signaling by internalized G protein-coupled receptors.

Journal

J Mol Endocrinol 45:1-8 (2010)
DOI:10.1677/JME-10-0014

Reference

PMID:9538302

Authors

Newman CM, Price A, Davies DW, Gray TA, Weetman AP

Title

Amiodarone and the thyroid: a practical guide to the management of thyroid dysfunction induced by amiodarone therapy.

Journal

Heart 79:121-7 (1998)
DOI:10.1136/hrt.79.2.121

Related
pathway

map00350

Tyrosine metabolism

map00480

Glutathione metabolism

map04020

Calcium signaling pathway

map04142

Lysosome

map04146

Peroxisome

map04530

Tight junction

KO pathway

ko04918

All links

Chemical substance (21)   
   KEGG COMPOUND (21)   
Gene (233511)   
   KEGG ORTHOLOGY (53)   
   RefGene (233458)   
Literature (19)   
   PubMed (19)   
All databases (233551)   

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