KEGG   PATHWAY: tgo05145
Entry
tgo05145                    Pathway                                
Name
Toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma gondii
Description
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is prevalent worldwide. The tachyzoite form acquired by oral ingestion downmodulates proinflammatory signaling pathways via various mechanisms. During early infection, nuclear translocation of NFkB is temporally blocked and p38 MAPK phosphorylation is prevented, suppressing IL-12 production. Another pathway for IL-12 induction occurs through CCR5 dependent pathway, but parasitic induction of an eicosanoid LXA4 contributes to the downregulation of IL-12. Direct activation of STAT3 by the parasite enhance anti-inflammatory function of IL-10 and TGF beta. T. gondii can cause lifelong chronic infection by establishing an anti-apoptotic environment through induction of bcl-2 or IAPs and by redirecting LDL-mediated cholesterol transport to scavenge nutrients from the host.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: parasitic
Pathway map
tgo05145  Toxoplasmosis
tgo05145

Organism
Toxoplasma gondii [GN:tgo]
Gene
TGME49_293690  PRF; profilin PRF [KO:K14141]
TGME49_207820  cell-cycle-associated protein kinase MAPK, putative [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
TGME49_273760  HSP70; heat shock protein HSP70 [KO:K03283]
TGME49_320190  SRS16B; SAG-related sequence SRS16B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_320200  SRS16A; SAG-related sequence SRS16A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_320230  SRS15C; SAG-related sequence SRS15C [KO:K14143]
TGME49_320240  SRS15B; SAG-related sequence SRS15B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_320250  SRS15A; SAG-related sequence SRS15A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_321480  SRS12B; SAG-related sequence SRS12B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_224760  SRS40E; SAG-related sequence SRS40E [KO:K14143]
TGME49_224750  SRS40F; SAG-related sequence SRS40F [KO:K14143]
TGME49_224770  SRS40D; SAG-related sequence SRS40D [KO:K14143]
TGME49_224780  SRS40B; SAG-related sequence SRS40B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_224790  SRS40A; SAG-related sequence SRS40A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_233450  SRS29A; SAG-related sequence SRS29A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_233480  SRS29C; SAG-related sequence SRS29C [KO:K14143]
TGME49_234930  SRS43; SAG-related sequence SRS43 [KO:K14143]
TGME49_267130  SRS38A; SAG-related sequence SRS38A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_267140  SRS38B; SAG-related sequence SRS38B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_272560  SRS31B; SAG-related sequence SRS31B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_273110  SRS30D; SAG-related sequence SRS30D [KO:K14143]
TGME49_273120  SRS30C; SAG-related sequence SRS30C [KO:K14143]
TGME49_273130  SRS30A; SAG-related sequence SRS30A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_292250  SRS36A; SAG-related sequence SRS36A [KO:K14143]
TGME49_292260  SRS36B; SAG-related sequence SRS36B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_292280  SRS36D; SAG-related sequence SRS36D [KO:K14143]
TGME49_295600  SRS10; SAG-related sequence SRS10 [KO:K14143]
TGME49_301150  SRS19B; SAG-related sequence SRS19B [KO:K14143]
TGME49_301160  SRS19C; SAG-related sequence SRS19C [KO:K14143]
TGME49_301170  SRS19D; SAG-related sequence SRS19D [KO:K14143]
TGME49_301180  SRS19F; SAG-related sequence SRS19F [KO:K14143]
TGME49_308020  SRS57; SAG-related sequence SRS57 [KO:K14143]
TGME49_315740  SRS54; SAG-related sequence SRS54 [KO:K14143]
TGME49_320170  SRS16E; SAG-related sequence SRS16E [KO:K14143]
TGME49_320180  SRS16C; SAG-related sequence SRS16C [KO:K14143]
TGME49_319560  MIC3; microneme protein MIC3 [KO:K14144]
TGME49_225490  CDPK2; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK2 [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_242400  CDPK2B; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK2B [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_305860  CDPK3; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK3 [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_301440  CDPK1; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK1 [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_224950  CDPK5; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK5 [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_295760  CDPK4A; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK4A [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_206590  CDPK2A; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK2A [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_217600  CDPK9; calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK9 [KO:K13412] [EC:2.7.11.1]
TGME49_255260  apical membrane antigen AMA1 [KO:K13845]
TGME49_300100  RON2; rhoptry neck protein RON2 [KO:K14145]
TGME49_229010  RON4; rhoptry neck protein RON4 [KO:K14146]
TGME49_203310  GRA7; dense granule protein GRA7 [KO:K14147]
TGME49_215785  ROP2A; rhoptry protein ROP2A [KO:K14148]
TGME49_227280  GRA3; dense granule protein GRA3 [KO:K14149]
TGME49_286450  GRA5; dense granule protein GRA5 [KO:K14150]
TGME49_229420  cytochrome c, putative [KO:K08738]
TGME49_219750  cytochrome c, putative [KO:K08738]
TGME49_221210  cyclophilin [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
TGME49_262730  ROP16; rhoptry protein ROP16 [KO:K14151]
TGME49_270320  protein phosphatase 2C domain-containing protein [KO:K23534] [EC:3.1.3.16]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06314  Lipoxin A4
Reference
PMID:15639739
  Authors
Denkers EY, Butcher BA
  Title
Sabotage and exploitation in macrophages parasitized by intracellular protozoans.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 21:35-41 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2004.10.004
Reference
PMID:14642303
  Authors
Denkers EY
  Title
From cells to signaling cascades: manipulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 39:193-203 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00279-7
Reference
PMID:19744886
  Authors
Pollard AM, Knoll LJ, Mordue DG
  Title
The role of specific Toxoplasma gondii molecules in manipulation of innate immunity.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 25:491-4 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2009.07.009
Reference
PMID:19891610
  Authors
Leng J, Butcher BA, Denkers EY
  Title
Dysregulation of macrophage signal transduction by Toxoplasma gondii: past progress and recent advances.
  Journal
Parasite Immunol 31:717-28 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01122.x
Reference
PMID:18775432
  Authors
Miller CM, Boulter NR, Ikin RJ, Smith NC
  Title
The immunobiology of the innate response to Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
Int J Parasitol 39:23-39 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.08.002
Reference
PMID:12580944
  Authors
Denkers EY, Kim L, Butcher BA
  Title
In the belly of the beast: subversion of macrophage proinflammatory signalling cascades during Toxoplasma gondii infection.
  Journal
Cell Microbiol 5:75-83 (2003)
DOI:10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00258.x
Reference
PMID:17110955
  Authors
Gazzinelli RT, Denkers EY
  Title
Protozoan encounters with Toll-like receptor signalling pathways: implications for host parasitism.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 6:895-906 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/nri1978
Reference
PMID:17024357
  Authors
Lang C, Gross U, Luder CG
  Title
Subversion of innate and adaptive immune responses by Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
Parasitol Res 100:191-203 (2007)
DOI:10.1007/s00436-006-0306-9
Reference
PMID:19400868
  Authors
Blader IJ, Saeij JP
  Title
Communication between Toxoplasma gondii and its host: impact on parasite growth, development, immune evasion, and virulence.
  Journal
APMIS 117:458-76 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02453.x
Reference
PMID:18059289
  Authors
Boothroyd JC, Dubremetz JF
  Title
Kiss and spit: the dual roles of Toxoplasma rhoptries.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 6:79-88 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1800
Reference
PMID:15361242
  Authors
Denkers EY, Butcher BA, Del Rio L, Kim L
  Title
Manipulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB-signaling cascades during intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection.
  Journal
Immunol Rev 201:191-205 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00180.x
Reference
PMID:18617274
  Authors
Yarovinsky F
  Title
Toll-like receptors and their role in host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
Immunol Lett 119:17-21 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.imlet.2008.05.007
Reference
PMID:14987366
  Authors
Coppens I, Joiner KA
  Title
Parasitehost cell interactions in toxoplasmosis: new avenues for intervention?
  Journal
Expert Rev Mol Med 2001:1-20 (2001)
DOI:10.1017/S1462399401002277
Reference
PMID:12106793
  Authors
Aliberti J, Sher A
  Title
Role of G-protein-coupled signaling in the induction and regulation of dendritic cell function by Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
Microbes Infect 4:991-7 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01618-0
Reference
PMID:12857995
  Authors
Sher A, Collazzo C, Scanga C, Jankovic D, Yap G, Aliberti J
  Title
Induction and regulation of IL-12-dependent host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
Immunol Res 27:521-8 (2003)
DOI:10.1385/IR:27:2-3:521
Reference
PMID:10525166
  Authors
Bonhomme A, Bouchot A, Pezzella N, Gomez J, Le Moal H, Pinon JM
  Title
Signaling during the invasion of host cells by Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:551-61 (1999)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00413.x
Reference
PMID:18327664
  Authors
Laliberte J, Carruthers VB
  Title
Host cell manipulation by the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 65:1900-15 (2008)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-008-7556-x
Reference
PMID:10234174
  Authors
Bogdan C, Rollinghoff M
  Title
How do protozoan parasites survive inside macrophages?
  Journal
Parasitol Today 15:22-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01362-3
Reference
PMID:16339966
  Authors
Molestina RE, Sinai AP
  Title
Host and parasite-derived IKK activities direct distinct temporal phases of NF-kappaB activation and target gene expression following Toxoplasma gondii infection.
  Journal
J Cell Sci 118:5785-96 (2005)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.02709
Related
pathway
tgo00590  Arachidonic acid metabolism
tgo04144  Endocytosis
KO pathway
ko05145   

  All links  
Genome (1)   
   KEGG GENOME (1)   
Gene (56)   
   KEGG GENES (56)   
All databases (57)   

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