KEGG DISEASE: Bladder cancer

DISEASE: Bladder cancer

Entry

H00022                      Disease

Name

Bladder cancer

Description

The urothelium covers the luminal surface of almost the entire urinary tract, extending from the renal pelvis, through the ureter and bladder, to the proximal urethra. The majority of urothelial carcinoma are bladder carcinomas, and urothelial carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter account for only approximately 7% of the total. Urothelial tumours arise and evolve through divergent phenotypic pathways. Some tumours progress from urothelial hyperplasia to low-grade non-invasive superficial papillary tumours. More aggressive variants arise either from flat, high-grade carcinoma in situ (CIS) and progress to invasive tumours, or they arise de novo as invasive tumours. Low-grade papillary tumors frequently show a constitutive activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras pathway, exhibiting activating mutations in the HRAS and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) genes. In contrast, CIS and invasive tumors frequently show alterations in the TP53 and RB genes and pathways. Invasion and metastases are promoted by several factors that alter the tumour microenvironment, including the aberrant expression of E-cadherins (E-cad), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Category

Cancer

Brite

Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
02 Neoplasms
  Malignant neoplasms, except primary neoplasms of lymphoid, haematopoietic, central nervous system or related tissues
   Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of specified sites, except of lymphoid, haematopoietic, central nervous system or related tissues
    Malignant neoplasms of urinary tract
     2C94  Malignant neoplasms of bladder
      H00022  Bladder cancer
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
  nt06526  MAPK signaling
   H00022  Bladder cancer
Tumor markers [br08442.html]
H00022
Cancer-associated carbohydrates [br08441.html]
H00022

Disease
pathway

hsa05219

Bladder cancer

Network

nt06265 Bladder cancer

Gene

HRAS (activating mutation) [HSA:3265] [KO:K02833]
KRAS (activating mutation) [HSA:3845] [KO:K07827]
FGFR3 (activating mutation) [HSA:2261] [KO:K05094]
p16/INK4A (homozygous deletion or hypermethylation) [HSA:1029] [KO:K06621]
p53 (inactivating mutation or deletion) [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451]
RB1 (deletion or hyperphosphorylation) [HSA:5925] [KO:K06618]
EGFR (overexpression) [HSA:1956] [KO:K04361]
ERBB2 (overexpression) [HSA:2064] [KO:K05083]
RASSF1 (hypermethylation) [HSA:11186] [KO:K09850]
DAPK1 (hypermethylation) [HSA:1612] [KO:K08803]

Drug

Thiotepa [DR:D00583]
Doxorubicin hydrochloride [DR:D01275]
Valrubicin [DR:D02697]
Mitomycin [DR:D00208]
Erdafitinib [DR:D10927] (FGFR3 or FGFR2 genetic alterations)
Nivolumab [DR:D10316]
Pembrolizumab [DR:D10574]
Pembrolizumab and berahyaluronidase alfa [DR:D13168]
Avelumab [DR:D10817]
Atezolizumab [DR:D10773]
Enfortumab vedotin [DR:D11525]
Cisplatin [DR:D00275]
Nadofaragene firadenovec [DR:D12531]
Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept [DR:D12888]

Other DBs

ICD-11:

2C94.2

MeSH:

D001749

OMIM:

109800

Reference

PMID:16110317

Authors

Wu XR.

Title

Urothelial tumorigenesis: a tale of divergent pathways.

Journal

Nat Rev Cancer 5:713-25 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1697

Reference

PMID:17149381

Authors

Sugano K, Kakizoe T.

Title

Genetic alterations in bladder cancer and their clinical applications in molecular tumor staging.

Journal

Nat Clin Pract Urol 3:642-52 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/ncpuro0649

Reference

PMID:16474624

Authors

Wolff EM, Liang G, Jones PA.

Title

Mechanisms of Disease: genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive bladder cancer.

Journal

Nat Clin Pract Urol 2:502-10 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/ncpuro0318

Reference

PMID:17158541

Authors

Mitra AP, Datar RH, Cote RJ.

Title

Molecular pathways in invasive bladder cancer: new insights into mechanisms, progression, and target identification.

Journal

J Clin Oncol 24:5552-64 (2006)
DOI:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.2073

Reference

PMID:15760280

Authors

Schottenfeld D, Beebe-Dimmer JL.

Title

Advances in cancer epidemiology: understanding causal mechanisms and the evidence for implementing interventions.

Journal

Annu Rev Public Health 26:37-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144402

Reference

PMID:9498904

Authors

Boffetta P, Jourenkova N, Gustavsson P.

Title

Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Journal

Cancer Causes Control 8:444-72 (1997)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018465507029

Reference

PMID:15660110

Authors

Luch A.

Title

Nature and nurture - lessons from chemical carcinogenesis.

Journal

Nat Rev Cancer 5:113-25 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1546

Reference

PMID:11473382

Authors

Burger MS, Torino JL, Swaminathan S.

Title

DNA damage in human transitional cell carcinoma cells after exposure to the proximate metabolite of the bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl.

Journal

Environ Mol Mutagen 38:1-11 (2001)
DOI:10.1002/em.1044

Reference

PMID:14643412

Authors

Rossman TG.

Title

Mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis: an integrated approach.

Journal

Mutat Res 533:37-65 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.009

Reference

PMID:9498898

Authors

Vineis P, Pirastu R.

Title

Aromatic amines and cancer.

Journal

Cancer Causes Control 8:346-55 (1997)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018453104303

Reference

PMID:14648102

Authors

Golka K, Wiese A, Assennato G, Bolt HM.

Title

Occupational exposure and urological cancer.

Journal

World J Urol 21:382-91 (2004)
DOI:10.1007/s00345-003-0377-5

Reference

PMID:17530489

Authors

Abnet CC.

Title

Carcinogenic food contaminants.

Journal

Cancer Invest 25:189-96 (2007)
DOI:10.1080/07357900701208733

Reference

PMID:17195421

Authors

Olfert SM, Felknor SA, Delclos GL.

Title

An updated review of the literature: risk factors for bladder cancer with focus on occupational exposures.

Journal

South Med J 99:1256-63 (2006)
DOI:10.1097/01.smj.0000247266.10393.72

Reference

PMID:11886955

Authors

Verma DK, Purdham JT, Roels HA.

Title

Translating evidence about occupational conditions into strategies for prevention.

Journal

Occup Environ Med 59:205-13; quiz 214 (2002)
DOI:10.1136/oem.59.3.156

Reference

PMID:12505369

Authors

Nortier JL, Vanherweghem JL.

Title

Renal interstitial fibrosis and urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi).

Journal

Toxicology 181-182:577-80 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00486-9

Reference

PMID:14672753

Authors

Zhou S, Koh HL, Gao Y, Gong ZY, Lee EJ.

Title

Herbal bioactivation: the good, the bad and the ugly.

Journal

Life Sci 74:935-68 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.035

Reference

PMID:10723042

Authors

Stern FB, Ruder AM, Chen G.

Title

Proportionate mortality among unionized roofers and waterproofers.

Journal

Am J Ind Med 37:478-92 (2000)
DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(200005)37:5<478::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-8

Reference

PMID:10564925

Authors

Nekolla EA, Kellerer AM, Kuse-Isingschulte M, Eder E, Spiess H.

Title

Malignancies in patients treated with high doses of radium-224.

Journal

Radiat Res 152:S3-7 (1999)
DOI:10.2307/3580102

Reference

PMID:15489140

Authors

Wogan GN, Hecht SS, Felton JS, Conney AH, Loeb LA.

Title

Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis.

Journal

Semin Cancer Biol 14:473-86 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.010

Reference

PMID:15552776

Authors

Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K.

Title

Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence.

Journal

Lung Cancer 45 Suppl 2:S3-9 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998

Reference

PMID:15070562

Authors

Berrington de Gonzalez A, Darby S.

Title

Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries.

Journal

Lancet 363:345-51 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15433-0

Reference

PMID:1553789

Authors

Grimmond SM, Raghavan D, Russell PJ

Title

Detection of a rare point mutation in Ki-ras of a human bladder cancer xenograft by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.

Journal

Urol Res 20:121-6 (1992)
DOI:10.1007/BF00296523

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