KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:eca00010 eca01200 eca01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:eca00010 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:eca00010 eca00020 eca01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:eca00010 eca00020 eca00620 eca00785 eca01200 eca01210 eca01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:eca00020 eca01200 eca01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:eca00020 eca01200 eca01210 eca01230 eca01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:eca00020 eca01200 eca01210 eca01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:eca00030 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:eca00030 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:eca00030 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100 eca01120]
M00580 Pentose phosphate pathway, archaea, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:eca00030 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100 eca01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:eca00030 eca00230 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:eca00030 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00631 D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:eca00040 eca00030 eca01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:eca00040 eca00030 eca01100]
M00081 Pectin degradation [PATH:eca00040 eca01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:eca00052 eca01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:eca00052 eca01100]
M00114 Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate [PATH:eca00051 eca00053 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P [PATH:eca00053 eca01100 eca01120]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:eca00500 eca01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:eca00500 eca01100]
M00565 Trehalose biosynthesis, D-glucose 1P => trehalose [PATH:eca00500 eca01100 eca01110]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:eca00520 eca01250 eca01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:eca00520 eca00052 eca01250 eca01100]
M00892 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, eukaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:eca00520 eca01250 eca01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:eca00520 eca01250 eca01100]
M00761 Undecaprenylphosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-GlcA => undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N [PATH:eca00520 eca01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:eca00630 eca01200 eca01100 eca01110]
M00532 Photorespiration [PATH:eca00630 eca01200 eca01100 eca01110]
M00741 Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA [PATH:eca00280 eca00630 eca00640 eca01200 eca01100]
M00132 Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate [PATH:eca00562 eca01100]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00165 Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) [PATH:eca00710 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:eca00620 eca00710 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00169 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light [PATH:eca00620 eca00710 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00172 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type [PATH:eca00620 eca00710 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00171 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type [PATH:eca00710 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00170 C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type [PATH:eca00710 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:eca00430 eca00620 eca00720 eca01200 eca01100 eca01120]

Methane metabolism
M00345 Formaldehyde assimilation, ribulose monophosphate pathway [PATH:eca00030 eca00680 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100 eca01120]

Nitrogen metabolism
M00175 Nitrogen fixation, nitrogen => ammonia [PATH:eca00910 eca01100 eca01120]
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:eca00910 eca01100 eca01120]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:eca00910 eca01100 eca01120]
M00529 Denitrification, nitrate => nitrogen [PATH:eca00910 eca01100 eca01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:eca00920 eca01100 eca01120]

Photosynthesis
M00161 Photosystem II [PATH:eca01100]
M00163 Photosystem I [PATH:eca01100]

ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00145 NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00143 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00148 Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00151 Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00155 Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:eca00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00156 Cytochrome c oxidase, cbb3-type [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]
M00159 V/A-type ATPase, prokaryotes [PATH:eca00190 eca01100]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:eca00061 eca01212 eca01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:eca00061 eca01212 eca01100]
M00415 Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum [PATH:eca01040 eca01212 eca01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:eca00061 eca00071 eca01212 eca01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:eca00071 eca01212 eca01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
M00917 Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]

Lipid metabolism
M00089 Triacylglycerol biosynthesis [PATH:eca00561 eca01100]
M00098 Acylglycerol degradation [PATH:eca00561 eca01100]
M00091 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC [PATH:eca00564 eca01100]
M00092 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE [PATH:eca00564 eca01100]
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:eca00564 eca01100]
M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:eca00600 eca01100]
M00113 Jasmonic acid biosynthesis [PATH:eca00592 eca01100 eca01110]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:eca00230 eca01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:eca00230 eca01232 eca01240 eca01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:eca00230 eca01232 eca01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:eca00230 eca00240 eca01232 eca01100]
M00958 Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:eca00230 eca01232 eca01100]
M00959 Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:eca00230 eca01232 eca01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:eca00240 eca01240 eca01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:eca00240 eca01232 eca01240 eca01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:eca00240 eca01232 eca01100]
M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate [PATH:eca00240 eca00410 eca00770 eca01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:eca00260 eca00680 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:eca00260 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:eca00260 eca00630 eca00785 eca01200 eca01100]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:eca00260 eca01100]
M00975 Betaine degradation, bacteria, betaine => pyruvate [PATH:eca00260 eca01100]
M00919 Ectoine degradation, ectoine => aspartate [PATH:eca00260 eca01100 eca01120]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:eca00270 eca00920 eca01200 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:eca00260 eca00270 eca01230 eca01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:eca00270 eca01230 eca01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:eca00270 eca01100]
M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:eca00270 eca01100 eca01110]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:eca00290 eca00770 eca01210 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:eca00290 eca01230 eca01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:eca00290 eca01210 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00036 Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA [PATH:eca00280 eca01100]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:eca00300 eca01230 eca01100]
M00527 Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:eca00300 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:eca00220 eca01210 eca01230 eca01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:eca00220 eca01230 eca01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:eca00330 eca01230 eca01100]
M00970 Proline degradation, proline => glutamate [PATH:eca00330 eca01100]
M00972 Proline metabolism [PATH:eca00330 eca01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:eca00330 eca01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:eca00330 eca01100]
M00134 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine [PATH:eca00330 eca01100]
M00136 GABA biosynthesis, prokaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:eca00330 eca01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:eca00340 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:eca00340 eca01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:eca00400 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:eca00400 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:eca00400 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00910 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine [PATH:eca00400 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:eca00400 eca01230 eca01100]
M00040 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine [PATH:eca00400 eca01230 eca01100 eca01110]
M00044 Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate [PATH:eca00350 eca01100]
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate [PATH:eca00350 eca01220 eca01100 eca01120]
M00936 Melatonin biosynthesis, plants, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin [PATH:eca00380 eca01100 eca01110]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00027 GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt [PATH:eca00250 eca00650 eca01100]
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:eca00480 eca01240 eca01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
M00055 N-glycan precursor biosynthesis [PATH:eca01100]
M00073 N-glycan precursor trimming [PATH:eca01100]

Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type [PATH:eca00540 eca01100]
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:eca00540 eca01250 eca01100]
M00064 ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis [PATH:eca00540 eca01250 eca01100]

Other polysaccharide metabolism
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:eca00730 eca01240 eca01100]
M00897 Thiamine biosynthesis, plants, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/thiamine/TPP [PATH:eca00730 eca01240 eca01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:eca00730 eca01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:eca00740 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH:eca00750 eca01240 eca01100]
M00916 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P [PATH:eca00750 eca01240 eca01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:eca00760 eca01240 eca01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:eca00770 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:eca00770 eca01240 eca01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:eca00780 eca01240 eca01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:eca00780 eca01240 eca01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:eca00785 eca01240 eca01100]
M00882 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H [PATH:eca00785 eca01240 eca01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:eca00790 eca00670 eca01240 eca01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:eca00790 eca01240 eca01100]
M00140 C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes [PATH:eca00670 eca01240 eca01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:eca00860 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:eca00860 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00925 Cobalamin biosynthesis, aerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => precorrin 2 => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH:eca00860 eca01240 eca01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:eca00130 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:eca00130 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00932 Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol [PATH:eca00130 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00112 Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol [PATH:eca00130 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]
M00933 Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol [PATH:eca00130 eca01240 eca01100 eca01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00095 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:eca00900 eca01100 eca01110]
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:eca00900 eca01100 eca01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:eca00900 eca01100 eca01110]
M00366 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:eca00900 eca01100 eca01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
M00097 beta-Carotene biosynthesis, GGAP => beta-carotene [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]
M00372 Abscisic acid biosynthesis, beta-carotene => abscisic acid [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]
M00371 Castasterone biosynthesis, campesterol => castasterone [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]
M00927 Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, GAPP => GA12 [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]
M00928 Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1 [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]

Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
M00793 dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis [PATH:eca00521 eca00523 eca00541 eca01250 eca01100 eca01110]

Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
M00039 Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]
M00137 Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]
M00138 Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin [PATH:eca01100 eca01110]

Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00878 Phenylacetate degradation, phenylaxetate => acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA [PATH:eca00360 eca01100 eca01120]

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00652 Vancomycin resistance, D-Ala-D-Ser type [PATH:eca01502 eca02020]
M00639 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexCD-OprJ
M00696 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
M00664 Nodulation

Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00611 Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation