KEGG Modules

Carbohydrate metabolism
Central carbohydrate metabolism
M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:kar00010 kar01200 kar01100]
M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:kar00010 kar01200 kar01230 kar01100]
M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:kar00010 kar00020 kar01100]
M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:kar00010 kar00020 kar00620 kar01200 kar01100]
M00009 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) [PATH:kar00020 kar01200 kar01100]
M00010 Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:kar00020 kar01200 kar01210 kar01230 kar01100]
M00011 Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate [PATH:kar00020 kar01200 kar01100]
M00004 Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle) [PATH:kar00030 kar01200 kar01100 kar01120]
M00006 Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P [PATH:kar00030 kar01200 kar01100 kar01120]
M00007 Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P [PATH:kar00030 kar01200 kar01230 kar01100 kar01120]
M00005 PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:kar00030 kar00230 kar01200 kar01230 kar01100]
M00008 Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate [PATH:kar00030 kar01200 kar01100 kar01120]

Other carbohydrate metabolism
M00631 D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:kar00040 kar00030 kar01100]
M00061 D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P [PATH:kar00040 kar00030 kar01100]
M00632 Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P [PATH:kar00052 kar01100]
M00552 D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P [PATH:kar00052 kar01100]
M00550 Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P [PATH:kar00053 kar01100 kar01120]
M00854 Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch [PATH:kar00500 kar01100]
M00855 Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P [PATH:kar00500 kar01100]
M00549 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, glucose => UDP-glucose [PATH:kar00520 kar01250 kar01100]
M00554 Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis, galactose => UDP-galactose [PATH:kar00520 kar00052 kar01250 kar01100]
M00909 UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, glucose => UDP-GlcNAc [PATH:kar00520 kar01250 kar01100]
M00761 Undecaprenylphosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-GlcA => undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N [PATH:kar00520 kar01100]
M00012 Glyoxylate cycle [PATH:kar00630 kar01200 kar01100 kar01110]

Energy metabolism
Carbon fixation
M00168 CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark [PATH:kar00620 kar01200 kar01100 kar01120]
M00579 Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate [PATH:kar00430 kar00620 kar01200 kar01100 kar01120]

Methane metabolism
Nitrogen metabolism
M00531 Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:kar00910 kar01100 kar01120]
M00530 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:kar00910 kar01100 kar01120]

Sulfur metabolism
M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:kar00920 kar01100 kar01120]

Photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
M00144 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes [PATH:kar00190]
M00149 Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes [PATH:kar00190]
M00150 Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes [PATH:kar00190]
M00153 Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:kar00190]
M00417 Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase [PATH:kar00190]
M00157 F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts [PATH:kar00190]

Lipid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
M00082 Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation [PATH:kar00061 kar01212 kar01100]
M00083 Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation [PATH:kar00061 kar01212 kar01100]
M00086 beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis [PATH:kar00061 kar00071 kar01212 kar01100]
M00087 beta-Oxidation [PATH:kar00071 kar01212 kar01100]

Sterol biosynthesis
Lipid metabolism
M00093 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE [PATH:kar00564 kar01100]

Nucleotide metabolism
Purine metabolism
M00048 De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:kar00230 kar01100]
M00049 Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:kar00230 kar01232 kar01240 kar01100]
M00050 Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:kar00230 kar01232 kar01100]
M00053 Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:kar00230 kar00240 kar01232 kar01100]

Pyrimidine metabolism
M00051 De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP [PATH:kar00240 kar01240 kar01100]
M00052 Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP [PATH:kar00240 kar01232 kar01240 kar01100]
M00938 Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP [PATH:kar00240 kar01232 kar01100]
M00939 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => 3-hydroxypropanoate [PATH:kar00240 kar01100]

Amino acid metabolism
Serine and threonine metabolism
M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:kar00260 kar00680 kar01200 kar01230 kar01100]
M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:kar00260 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:kar00260 kar01100]

Cysteine and methionine metabolism
M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:kar00270 kar00920 kar01200 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:kar00260 kar00270 kar01230 kar01100]
M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:kar00270 kar01230 kar01100]
M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:kar00270 kar01100]
M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:kar00270 kar01100]

Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
M00019 Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:kar00290 kar00770 kar01210 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00570 Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine [PATH:kar00290 kar01230 kar01100]
M00432 Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate [PATH:kar00290 kar01210 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]

Lysine metabolism
M00016 Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine [PATH:kar00300 kar01230 kar01100]
M00956 Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => succinate [PATH:kar00310 kar01100 kar01120]

Arginine and proline metabolism
M00028 Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine [PATH:kar00220 kar01210 kar01230 kar01100]
M00844 Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine [PATH:kar00220 kar01230 kar01100]
M00015 Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline [PATH:kar00330 kar01230 kar01100]
M00879 Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate [PATH:kar00330 kar01100]

Polyamine biosynthesis
M00133 Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine [PATH:kar00330 kar01100]
M00136 GABA biosynthesis, prokaryotes, putrescine => GABA [PATH:kar00330 kar01100]

Histidine metabolism
M00026 Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine [PATH:kar00340 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00045 Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate [PATH:kar00340 kar01100]

Aromatic amino acid metabolism
M00022 Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate [PATH:kar00400 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00023 Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan [PATH:kar00400 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00024 Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine [PATH:kar00400 kar01230 kar01100 kar01110]
M00025 Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine [PATH:kar00400 kar01230 kar01100]
M00533 Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate [PATH:kar00350 kar01220 kar01100 kar01120]

Other amino acid metabolism
M00118 Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione [PATH:kar00480 kar01240 kar01100]
M00948 Hydroxyproline degradation, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline => 2-oxoglutarate [PATH:kar00470 kar01100]

Glycan metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
M00060 KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type [PATH:kar00540 kar01100]
M00063 CMP-KDO biosynthesis [PATH:kar00540 kar01250 kar01100]
M00064 ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis [PATH:kar00540 kar01250 kar01100]

Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
M00127 Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP [PATH:kar00730 kar01240 kar01100]
M00899 Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP [PATH:kar00730 kar01100]
M00125 Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD [PATH:kar00740 kar01240 kar01100 kar01110]
M00124 Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P [PATH:kar00750 kar01240 kar01100]
M00115 NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD [PATH:kar00760 kar01240 kar01100]
M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate [PATH:kar00770 kar01240 kar01100 kar01110]
M00120 Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA [PATH:kar00770 kar01240 kar01100]
M00572 Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP [PATH:kar00780 kar01240 kar01100]
M00123 Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin [PATH:kar00780 kar01240 kar01100]
M00881 Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H [PATH:kar00785 kar01240 kar01100]
M00126 Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF [PATH:kar00790 kar00670 kar01240 kar01100]
M00880 Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor [PATH:kar00790 kar01240 kar01100]
M00846 Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme [PATH:kar00860 kar01240 kar01100 kar01110]
M00121 Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme [PATH:kar00860 kar01240 kar01100 kar01110]
M00924 Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide [PATH:kar00860 kar01240 kar01100]
M00122 Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin [PATH:kar00860 kar01240 kar01100]
M00117 Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol [PATH:kar00130 kar01240 kar01100 kar01110]
M00116 Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol [PATH:kar00130 kar01240 kar01100 kar01110]

Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
M00096 C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:kar00900 kar01100 kar01110]
M00364 C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria [PATH:kar00900 kar01100 kar01110]

Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
Macrolide biosynthesis
Enediyne biosynthesis
Type II polyketide biosynthesis
Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
Xenobiotics biodegradation
Aromatics degradation
M00551 Benzoate degradation, benzoate => catechol / methylbenzoate => methylcatechol [PATH:kar00362 kar00622 kar01220 kar01100 kar01120]
M00568 Catechol ortho-cleavage, catechol => 3-oxoadipate [PATH:kar00362 kar01220 kar01100 kar01120]
M00878 Phenylacetate degradation, phenylaxetate => acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA [PATH:kar00360 kar01100 kar01120]

Gene set
Pathogenicity
Drug resistance
M00696 Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC

Plant pathogenicity
Symbiosis
Module set
Metabolic capacity
M00615 Nitrate assimilation
M00616 Sulfate-sulfur assimilation