Esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer represents the 9th leading cancer in the world and is associated with a 5-year survival rate under 25%. The two main forms are squamous-cell carcinoma (ECSC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). ECSC is the most frequent histological subtype in esophageal cancer, although the incidence of EAC is increasing faster than any other malignancy in the western world. Whereas ESCC can be attributed to alcohol and tobacco consumption, the most important risk factor for the development of EAC is duodenal-gastric-esophageal reflux. In the process of tumorigenesis at the cellular level, multiple genetic alterations are involved, including mutation of the p53 gene, amplification of cyclin D1 gene, among others.

Cancer

EGFR (overexpression) [HSA:1956] [KO:K04361]
p53 (mutation) [HSA:7157] [KO:K04451]
p16/INK4A (homozygous deletion, LOH) [HSA:1029] [KO:K06621]
RB1 (LOH) [HSA:5925] [KO:K06618]
iNOS (increased expression) [HSA:4843] [KO:K13241]
COX2 (overexpression) [HSA:5743] [KO:K11987]
APC (LOH) [HSA:324] [KO:K02085]
Cyclin D1 (amplification) [HSA:595] [KO:K04503]
FAS (increased expression) [HSA:355] [KO:K04390]

Betel quid with tobacco
Betel quid without tobacco
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages [CPD:C00469]

Floxuridine [DR:D04197]
Pembrolizumab [DR:D10574] (PD-L1 expressed)
Porfimer sodium [DR:D03327]

ICD-O: 8070/3, Tumor type: Squamous cell carcinoma
ICD-O: 8140/3, Tumor type: Adenocarcinoma

PMID:15622457 (gene, tumor type)

Kuwano H, Kato H, Miyazaki T, Fukuchi M, Masuda N, Nakajima M, Fukai Y, Sohda M, Kimura H, Faried A.

Genetic alterations in esophageal cancer.

Surg Today 35:7-18 (2005)
DOI:10.1007/s00595-004-2885-3

PMID:12951586 (gene, tumor type)

Wild CP, Hardie LJ.

Reflux, Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma: burning questions.

Nat Rev Cancer 3:676-84 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1166

PMID:15914317

McCabe ML, Dlamini Z.

The molecular mechanisms of oesophageal cancer.

Int Immunopharmacol 5:1113-30 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.017

PMID:15455377 (carcinogen)

Lee CH, Lee JM, Wu DC, Hsu HK, Kao EL, Huang HL, Wang TN, Huang MC, Wu MT.

Independent and combined effects of alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing on the risk of esophageal cancer in Taiwan.

Int J Cancer 113:475-82 (2005)
DOI:10.1002/ijc.20619

PMID:17431955 (carcinogen)

Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Cogliano V.

Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages.

Lancet Oncol 8:292-3 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70099-2

PMID:17383866 (carcinogen)

Lee CH, Wu DC, Lee JM, Wu IC, Goan YG, Kao EL, Huang HL, Chan TF, Chou SH, Chou YP, Lee CY, Chen PS, Ho CK, He J, Wu MT.

Carcinogenetic impact of alcohol intake on squamous cell carcinoma risk of the oesophagus in relation to tobacco smoking.

Eur J Cancer 43:1188-99 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.039

PMID:11565671 (marker)

Aloia TA, Harpole DH Jr, Reed CE, Allegra C, Moore MB, Herndon JE 2nd, D'Amico TA.

Tumor marker expression is predictive of survival in patients with esophageal cancer.

Ann Thorac Surg 72:859-66 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02838-7

PMID:17069584 (marker)

Vallbohmer D, Lenz HJ.

Predictive and prognostic molecular markers in outcome of esophageal cancer.

Dis Esophagus 19:425-32 (2006)
DOI:10.1111/j.1442-2050.2006.00622.x