Entry |
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Name |
Cardiac muscle contraction
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Description |
Contraction of the heart is a complex process initiated by the electrical excitation of cardiac myocytes (excitation-contraction coupling, ECC). In cardiac myocytes, Ca2+ influx induced by activation of voltage-dependent L-type Ca channels (DHP receptors) upon membrane depolarization triggers the release of Ca2+ via Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through a Ca2+ -induced Ca release (CICR) mechanism. Ca2+ ions released via the CICR mechanism diffuse through the cytosolic space to contractile proteins to bind to troponinC resulting in the release of inhibition induced by troponinI. The Ca2+ binding to troponinC thereby triggers the sliding of thin and thick filaments, that is, the activation of a crossbridge and subsequent cardiac force development and/or cell shortening. Recovery occurs as Ca2+ is pumped out of the cell by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) or is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by sarco(endo)plasmic Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) pumps on the non-junctional region of the SR.
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Class |
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
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Pathway map |

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Disease |
H00656 | Scapuloperoneal myopathy |
H00701 | Congenital fiber type disproportion |
H00703 | Myosin storage myopathy |
H00746 | Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) |
H01019 | Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia |
H01216 | Left ventricular noncompaction |
H01219 | Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
H01368 | Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency |
H02086 | Mitochondrial complex III deficiency |
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Other DBs |
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Orthology |
K04850 | voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1C |
K04851 | voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1D |
K04853 | voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1F |
K04857 | voltage-dependent calcium channel L type alpha-1S |
K04862 | voltage-dependent calcium channel beta-1 |
K04863 | voltage-dependent calcium channel beta-2 |
K04864 | voltage-dependent calcium channel beta-3 |
K04865 | voltage-dependent calcium channel beta-4 |
K04858 | voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha-2/delta-1 |
K04859 | voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha-2/delta-2 |
K04860 | voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha-2/delta-3 |
K04861 | voltage-dependent calcium channel alpha-2/delta-4 |
K04866 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 |
K04867 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 |
K04868 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 |
K04869 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 |
K04870 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 |
K04871 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 |
K04872 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 |
K04873 | voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 |
K23450 | sarcoplasmic reticulum histidine-rich calcium-binding protein |
K05865 | troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles |
K12044 | troponin I, cardiac muscle |
K12045 | troponin T, cardiac muscle |
K12314 | actin, alpha cardiac muscle |
K10351 | myosin regulatory light chain 2 |
K00411 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur subunit [EC:7.1.1.8] |
K00412 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase cytochrome b subunit |
K00413 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase cytochrome c1 subunit |
K00414 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core subunit 1 |
K00415 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core subunit 2 |
K00416 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 6 |
K00417 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 7 |
K00418 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 8 |
K00419 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 9 |
K00420 | ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase subunit 10 |
K02262 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 |
K02261 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 |
K02263 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 |
K02264 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5a |
K02265 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5b |
K02266 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6a |
K02267 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6b |
K02268 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6c |
K02270 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7a |
K02271 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7b |
K02272 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7c |
K02273 | cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8 |
K05849 | solute carrier family 8 (sodium/calcium exchanger) |
K12041 | solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 6/7 |
K01539 | sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha [EC:7.2.2.13] |
K01540 | sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta |
K01538 | sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma (FXYD domain-containing ion transport regulator 2) |
K05742 | solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 1 |
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Compound |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Bers DM |
Title |
Calcium cycling and signaling in cardiac myocytes. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Bers DM |
Title |
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Endoh M |
Title |
Signal transduction and Ca2+ signaling in intact myocardium. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Endoh M |
Title |
Cardiac Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+ sensitizers. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Bers DM, Despa S |
Title |
Cardiac myocytes Ca2+ and Na+ regulation in normal and failing hearts. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Gordon AM, Homsher E, Regnier M |
Title |
Regulation of contraction in striated muscle. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Phrommintikul A, Chattipakorn N |
Title |
Roles of cardiac ryanodine receptor in heart failure and sudden cardiac death. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Lacinova L |
Title |
Voltage-dependent calcium channels. |
Journal |
Gen Physiol Biophys 24 Suppl 1:1-78 (2005) |
Reference |
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Authors |
Lingrel J, Moseley A, Dostanic I, Cougnon M, He S, James P, Woo A, O'Connor K, Neumann J |
Title |
Functional roles of the alpha isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Berg JS, Powell BC, Cheney RE |
Title |
A millennial myosin census. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Parmacek MS, Solaro RJ |
Title |
Biology of the troponin complex in cardiac myocytes. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Yamashita H, Sugiura S, Fujita H, Yasuda S, Nagai R, Saeki Y, Sunagawa K, Sugi H |
Title |
Myosin light chain isoforms modify force-generating ability of cardiac myosin by changing the kinetics of actin-myosin interaction. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Pritchard TJ, Kranias EG |
Title |
Junctin and the histidine-rich Ca2+ binding protein: potential roles in heart failure and arrhythmogenesis. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Landstrom AP, Dobrev D, Wehrens XHT |
Title |
Calcium Signaling and Cardiac Arrhythmias. |
Journal |
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Related pathway |
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