KEGG DRUG Database
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KEGG DRUG is a unified drug information resource that contains chemical structures and/or chemical components of all prescription and OTC drugs in Japan, most prescription drugs in the USA, and many prescription drugs in Europe. Thus, all the marketed drugs in Japan are fully represented in KEGG DRUG and linked to the package insert information (labels information). These include crude drugs and TCM (Tradictional Chinese Medicine) drugs, which are very popular in Japan and some of which are specified in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia.
Each KEGG DRUG entry is identified by the D number distinguishing the chemical structure of chemicals or the chemical component of mixtures and crude drugs. It is associated with generic names and trade names, as well as efficacy as part of the BRITE functional hierarchies (ontologies), target information as a context of KEGG pathways, and information about the history of drug development represented as a KEGG DRUG structure map.
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Generic Names and Trade Names
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The chemical structure of a drug is identified by the standardized generic name, but the names can be different in different countries or organizations. The same structure may be called differently and the same name may mean different structures. To accomodate such differences the generic names are associated with the following codes in parentheses.
- JAN - Japanese Approved Name
- USAN - United States Adopted Name
- NF - National Formulary drug name
- INN - International Nonproprietary Name
- BAN - British Approved Name
- DCF - Dénomination commune française
In addition, drugs listed in the pharmacopoeia are denoted by:
- JP15 - Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 15th edition
- USP - United States Pharmacopeia
which also imply the JAN and USAN names, respectively.
Selected trade names (TNs) are also given. More names may be found from the outside link to DailyMed, which provides FDA approved labels information of marketed drugs.
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Drug Classification
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For representation of efficacy and therapeutic use, different drug classification systems are maintained as part of the KEGG BRITE functional hierarchies. The first group is based on the established classification systems to which KEGG DRUG entries are assigned.
The second group consists of additional classification systems developed by KEGG.
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Target and Pathway
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KEGG DRUG contains information about two types of molecular networks. One is the molecular interaction network involving target and other molecules. The drug-target relationship is not simply a molecule-molecule relationship. The target is given in the context of KEGG pathways, enabling the analysis of drugs as perturbants to molecular systems. The BRITE files for drug classifications may be examined by adding the target information as follows.
Additional information about molecular interaction networks includes drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, drug interactions, and pharmacogenomic markers.
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History of Drug Development
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The other molecular network is a chemical structure transformation network.
Many marketed drugs have been developed from lead compounds or existing drugs by introducing chemical structure transformations retaining the core chemical structures. KEGG DRUG structure maps graphically illustrate, in a manner similar to KEGG pathway maps, our knowledge on such drug development. They are in the following category of the KEGG PATHWAY database.
The BRITE files for drug classifications may be examined by adding the structure map numbers as follows.
These maps have been used to extract and analyze drug pair transformation patterns. [reference]
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From Genomes to Natural Products
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Human genomes have been extensively utilized for drug target discovery and personalized medicine. In contrast, the genomes of microorganisms and plants provide a far less explored space of possible drug leads. Our knowledge on natural products is being organized in KEGG such as classification systems based on biosynthetic pathways.
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Drugs in Japan
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In Japan the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL) regulates manufacturing and marketing of paharmaceutical products and medical devices. KEGG attempts to extract, translate, and present useful information from this law and associated regulations. The following BRITE hierarchy files show the list of drugs in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (Article 41 of PAL).
Labels information (in Japanese) of all marketed drugs in Japan is provided in the following databases developed by JAPIC and served by GenomeNet.
This information is directly linked from the Japanese version of the KEGG DRUG entry. See more details in Japanese.
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Other Documents
Last updated: June 7, 2010
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