KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05171
Entry
hsa05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
hsa05171  Coronavirus disease
hsa05171

Network
nt06171  SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
nt06513  Complement cascade
nt06517  TLR signaling
nt06519  RLR signaling
  Element
N01307  SARS-CoV-2 S to AngII-AT1R-NOX2 signaling pathway
N01309  SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 to MDA5-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01310  SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 to RIG-I-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01312  SARS-CoV-2 S to lectin pathway of complement cascade
N01314  SARS-CoV-2 S to classical pathway of complement cascade
N01316  SARS-CoV-2 S/N to lectin pathway of coagulation cascade
N01318  SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 to translation initiation
N01319  SARS-CoV-2 nsp6 and ORF6 to RIG-I-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01320  SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 to RIG-I-IRF7/3 signaling pathway
N01321  SARS-CoV-2 nsp1/6/13, ORF3a/6/7b and M to IFN signaling pathway
N01322  SARS-CoV-2 nsp6/13 and ORF7a/7b to IFN signaling pathway
Disease
H02398  COVID-19; Coronavirus disease 2019
Drug
D10308  Baricitinib (JAN/USAN/INN)
D12118  Nezulcitinib (USAN)
D12261  Enpatoran (USAN/INN)
D12942  Talfirastide (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
100293534  C4B_2; complement C4-B-like preproprotein [KO:K03989]
100526842  RPL17-C18orf32; RPL17-C18orf32 protein isoform 1 [KO:K02880]
100529097  RPL36A-HNRNPH2; RPL36A-HNRNPH2 protein isoform a [KO:K02929]
100529239  RPS10-NUDT3; RPS10-NUDT3 protein [KO:K02947]
102723407  [KO:K06856]
102723573  [KO:K02995]
102724737  [KO:K02995]
103  ADAR; double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform a [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
10379  IRF9; interferon regulatory factor 9 isoform 2 [KO:K04693]
10747  MASP2; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; LOC110117498-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
110384692  C4A_2; complement C4A (Rodgers blood group)-like preproprotein [KO:K03989]
11224  RPL35; large ribosomal subunit protein uL29 [KO:K02918]
114548  NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform a [KO:K12800]
1147  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
115004  CGAS; cyclic GMP-AMP synthase isoform 1 [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
116832  RPL39L; ribosomal protein eL39-like 2 [KO:K02924]
140032  RPS4Y2; small ribosomal subunit protein eS4, Y isoform 2 [KO:K02987]
140801  RPL10L; ribosomal protein uL16-like [KO:K02866]
1432  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform 2 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
1437  CSF2; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor precursor [KO:K05427]
1440  CSF3; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor isoform a precursor [KO:K05423]
1536  CYBB; NADPH oxidase 2 [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
1636  ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform 1 precursor [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
1675  CFD; complement factor D isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
1839  HBEGF; proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor [KO:K08523]
185  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
1956  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform a precursor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
200916  RPL22L1; ribosomal protein eL22-like isoform 1 [KO:K02891]
2147  F2; prothrombin preproprotein [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
2162  F13A1; coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
2165  F13B; coagulation factor XIII B chain precursor [KO:K03906]
2197  FAU; ubiquitin-like FUBI-ribosomal protein eS30 fusion protein precursor [KO:K02983]
2212  FCGR2A; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a isoform 1 precursor [KO:K06472]
2243  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain isoform alpha-E preproprotein [KO:K03903]
2244  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K03904]
2266  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform gamma-B precursor [KO:K03905]
23118  TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 isoform a [KO:K04404]
23521  RPL13A; large ribosomal subunit protein uL13 isoform 1 [KO:K02872]
2353  FOS; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
23586  RIGI; antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform 1 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
25873  RPL36; large ribosomal subunit protein eL36 [KO:K02920]
29110  TBK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
340061  STING1; stimulator of interferon genes protein isoform 1 [KO:K12654]
3439  IFNA1; interferon alpha-1 precursor [KO:K05414]
3440  IFNA2; interferon alpha-2 precursor [KO:K05414]
3441  IFNA4; interferon alpha-4 precursor [KO:K05414]
3442  IFNA5; interferon alpha-5 precursor [KO:K05414]
3443  IFNA6; interferon alpha-6 precursor [KO:K05414]
3444  IFNA7; interferon alpha-7 precursor [KO:K05414]
3445  IFNA8; interferon alpha-8 precursor [KO:K05414]
3446  IFNA10; interferon alpha-10 precursor [KO:K05414]
3447  IFNA13; interferon alpha-13 precursor [KO:K05414]
3448  IFNA14; interferon alpha-14 precursor [KO:K05414]
3449  IFNA16; interferon alpha-16 precursor [KO:K05414]
3451  IFNA17; interferon alpha-17 precursor [KO:K05414]
3452  IFNA21; interferon alpha-21 precursor [KO:K05414]
3454  IFNAR1; interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K05130]
3455  IFNAR2; interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 isoform a precursor [KO:K05131]
3456  IFNB1; interferon beta precursor [KO:K05415]
3551  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform 1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
3553  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta proprotein [KO:K04519]
3558  IL2; interleukin-2 precursor [KO:K05429]
3569  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05405]
3570  IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05055]
3572  IL6ST; interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05060]
3576  CXCL8; interleukin-8 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K10030]
3592  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform 4 precursor [KO:K05406]
3593  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta precursor [KO:K05425]
3627  CXCL10; C-X-C motif chemokine 10 precursor [KO:K12671]
3654  IRAK1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
3661  IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 isoform 1 [KO:K05411]
3716  JAK1; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 isoform 1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
3725  JUN; transcription factor Jun [KO:K04448]
388524  RPSA2; small ribosomal subunit protein uS2B [KO:K02998]
3921  RPSA; small ribosomal subunit protein uS2 isoform 1 [KO:K02998]
4142  MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
4153  MBL2; mannose-binding protein C precursor [KO:K03991]
4312  MMP1; interstitial collagenase isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
4314  MMP3; stromelysin-1 preproprotein [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
4599  MX1; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 isoform a [KO:K14754]
4600  MX2; interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
4615  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform 2 [KO:K04729]
4736  RPL10A; large ribosomal subunit protein uL1 [KO:K02865]
4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 proprotein [KO:K02580]
4792  NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
4793  NFKBIB; NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta isoform 1 [KO:K02581]
4938  OAS1; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
4939  OAS2; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 isoform 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
4940  OAS3; 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 isoform 1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
51065  RPS27L; ribosomal protein eS27-like [KO:K02978]
51121  RPL26L1; ribosomal protein uL24-like [KO:K02898]
51135  IRAK4; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform a [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
51187  RSL24D1; probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
51284  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 precursor [KO:K05404]
51311  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K10170]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform 1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform 1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
5335  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform b [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5336  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5578  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5579  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform 1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5582  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform 2 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5600  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5603  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5610  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform a [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5648  MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
57506  MAVS; mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform 1 [KO:K12648]
59272  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
5970  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform 1 [KO:K04735]
6122  RPL3; large ribosomal subunit protein uL3 isoform a [KO:K02925]
6123  RPL3L; ribosomal protein uL3-like [KO:K02925]
6124  RPL4; large ribosomal subunit protein uL4 [KO:K02930]
6125  RPL5; large ribosomal subunit protein uL18 [KO:K02932]
6128  RPL6; large ribosomal subunit protein eL6 isoform 1 [KO:K02934]
6129  RPL7; large ribosomal subunit protein uL30 isoform 1 [KO:K02937]
6130  RPL7A; large ribosomal subunit protein eL8 [KO:K02936]
6132  RPL8; large ribosomal subunit protein uL2 [KO:K02938]
6133  RPL9; large ribosomal subunit protein uL6 [KO:K02940]
6134  RPL10; large ribosomal subunit protein uL16 isoform a [KO:K02866]
6135  RPL11; large ribosomal subunit protein uL5 isoform 1 [KO:K02868]
6136  RPL12; large ribosomal subunit protein uL11 [KO:K02870]
6137  RPL13; large ribosomal subunit protein eL13 isoform 1 [KO:K02873]
6138  RPL15; large ribosomal subunit protein eL15 isoform 1 [KO:K02877]
6139  RPL17; large ribosomal subunit protein uL22 isoform a [KO:K02880]
6141  RPL18; large ribosomal subunit protein eL18 isoform 1 [KO:K02883]
6142  RPL18A; large ribosomal subunit protein eL20 [KO:K02882]
6143  RPL19; large ribosomal subunit protein eL19 isoform 1 [KO:K02885]
6144  RPL21; large ribosomal subunit protein eL21 [KO:K02889]
6146  RPL22; large ribosomal subunit protein eL22 [KO:K02891]
6147  RPL23A; large ribosomal subunit protein uL23 [KO:K02893]
6152  RPL24; large ribosomal subunit protein eL24 [KO:K02896]
6154  RPL26; large ribosomal subunit protein uL24 [KO:K02898]
6155  RPL27; large ribosomal subunit protein eL27 [KO:K02901]
6156  RPL30; large ribosomal subunit protein eL30 [KO:K02908]
6157  RPL27A; large ribosomal subunit protein uL15 [KO:K02900]
6158  RPL28; large ribosomal subunit protein eL28 isoform 2 [KO:K02903]
6159  RPL29; large ribosomal subunit protein eL29 [KO:K02905]
6160  RPL31; large ribosomal subunit protein eL31 isoform 1 [KO:K02910]
6161  RPL32; large ribosomal subunit protein eL32 [KO:K02912]
6164  RPL34; large ribosomal subunit protein eL34 [KO:K02915]
6165  RPL35A; large ribosomal subunit protein eL33 [KO:K02917]
6166  RPL36AL; ribosomal protein eL42-like [KO:K02929]
6167  RPL37; large ribosomal subunit protein eL37 [KO:K02922]
6168  RPL37A; large ribosomal subunit protein eL43 [KO:K02921]
6169  RPL38; large ribosomal subunit protein eL38 [KO:K02923]
6170  RPL39; large ribosomal subunit protein eL39 [KO:K02924]
6171  RPL41; small ribosomal subunit protein eS32 [KO:K02928]
6173  RPL36A; large ribosomal subunit protein eL42 [KO:K02929]
6175  RPLP0; large ribosomal subunit protein uL10 [KO:K02941]
6176  RPLP1; large ribosomal subunit protein P1 isoform 1 [KO:K02942]
6181  RPLP2; large ribosomal subunit protein P2 [KO:K02943]
6187  RPS2; small ribosomal subunit protein uS5 [KO:K02981]
6188  RPS3; small ribosomal subunit protein uS3 isoform 1 [KO:K02985]
6189  RPS3A; small ribosomal subunit protein eS1 isoform 1 [KO:K02984]
6191  RPS4X; small ribosomal subunit protein eS4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
6192  RPS4Y1; small ribosomal subunit protein eS4, Y isoform 1 [KO:K02987]
6193  RPS5; small ribosomal subunit protein uS7 [KO:K02989]
6194  RPS6; small ribosomal subunit protein eS6 [KO:K02991]
6201  RPS7; small ribosomal subunit protein eS7 [KO:K02993]
6202  RPS8; small ribosomal subunit protein eS8 [KO:K02995]
6203  RPS9; small ribosomal subunit protein uS4 isoform a [KO:K02997]
6204  RPS10; small ribosomal subunit protein eS10 [KO:K02947]
6205  RPS11; small ribosomal subunit protein uS17 [KO:K02949]
6206  RPS12; small ribosomal subunit protein eS12 [KO:K02951]
6207  RPS13; small ribosomal subunit protein uS15 [KO:K02953]
6208  RPS14; small ribosomal subunit protein uS11 [KO:K02955]
6209  RPS15; small ribosomal subunit protein uS19 isoform 2 [KO:K02958]
6210  RPS15A; small ribosomal subunit protein uS8 [KO:K02957]
6217  RPS16; small ribosomal subunit protein uS9 isoform 1 [KO:K02960]
6218  RPS17; small ribosomal subunit protein eS17 [KO:K02962]
6222  RPS18; small ribosomal subunit protein uS13 [KO:K02964]
6223  RPS19; small ribosomal subunit protein eS19 isoform 1 [KO:K02966]
6224  RPS20; small ribosomal subunit protein uS10 isoform 2 [KO:K02969]
6227  RPS21; small ribosomal subunit protein eS21 [KO:K02971]
6228  RPS23; small ribosomal subunit protein uS12 [KO:K02973]
6229  RPS24; small ribosomal subunit protein eS24 isoform c [KO:K02974]
6230  RPS25; small ribosomal subunit protein eS25 [KO:K02975]
6231  RPS26; small ribosomal subunit protein eS26 [KO:K02976]
6232  RPS27; small ribosomal subunit protein eS27 isoform 1 [KO:K02978]
6233  RPS27A; ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eS31 fusion protein precursor [KO:K02977]
6234  RPS28; small ribosomal subunit protein eS28 [KO:K02979]
6235  RPS29; small ribosomal subunit protein uS14 isoform 1 [KO:K02980]
629  CFB; complement factor B preproprotein [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
6300  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform 1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
6347  CCL2; C-C motif chemokine 2 precursor [KO:K14624]
6403  SELP; P-selectin precursor [KO:K06496]
64135  IFIH1; interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
6772  STAT1; signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform alpha [KO:K11220]
6773  STAT2; signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 isoform 1 [KO:K11221]
6774  STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04692]
6850  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform Syk(L) [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
6868  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
6885  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform B [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
7097  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 precursor [KO:K10159]
7098  TLR3; toll-like receptor 3 precursor [KO:K05401]
7099  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 isoform A precursor [KO:K10160]
7113  TMPRSS2; transmembrane protease serine 2 isoform 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
712  C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A precursor [KO:K03986]
7124  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
713  C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03987]
7132  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03158]
714  C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03988]
715  C1R; complement C1r subcomponent isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
716  C1S; complement C1s subcomponent isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
717  C2; complement C2 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
718  C3; complement C3 preproprotein [KO:K03990]
7187  TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform 1 [KO:K03174]
7189  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
719  C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
720  C4A; complement C4-A isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K03989]
721  C4B; complement C4-B preproprotein [KO:K03989]
727  C5; complement C5 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K03994]
728  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
729  C6; complement component C6 precursor [KO:K03995]
7297  TYK2; non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 isoform 2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
730  C7; complement component C7 precursor [KO:K03996]
731  C8A; complement component C8 alpha chain preproprotein [KO:K03997]
7311  UBA52; ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eL40 fusion protein isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02927]
732  C8B; complement component C8 beta chain isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K03998]
733  C8G; complement component C8 gamma chain precursor [KO:K03999]
735  C9; complement component C9 preproprotein [KO:K04000]
7450  VWF; von Willebrand factor preproprotein [KO:K03900]
834  CASP1; caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform 1 [KO:K02649]
8517  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform a [KO:K07210]
8829  NRP1; neuropilin-1 isoform a precursor [KO:K06724]
9045  RPL14; large ribosomal subunit protein eL14 [KO:K02875]
9349  RPL23; large ribosomal subunit protein uL14 [KO:K02894]
9636  ISG15; ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
9641  IKBKE; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon isoform 1 [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 17:46-64 (2021)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
hsa03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
hsa04144  Endocytosis
hsa04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
hsa04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
hsa04611  Platelet activation
hsa04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
hsa04614  Renin-angiotensin system
hsa04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
hsa04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
hsa04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
hsa04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
hsa04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagosome formation
hsa04668  TNF signaling pathway
hsa04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   

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