KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05010
Entry
hsa05010                    Pathway                                
Name
Alzheimer disease - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major component of senile plaques, has various pathological effects on cell and organelle function. To date genetic studies have revealed four genes that may be linked to autosomal dominant or familial early onset AD (FAD). These four genes include: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). All mutations associated with APP and PS proteins can lead to an increase in the production of Abeta peptides, specfically the more amyloidogenic form, Abeta42. It was proposed that Abeta form Ca2+ permeable pores and bind to and modulate multiple synaptic proteins, including NMDAR, mGluR5 and VGCC, leading to the overfilling of neurons with calcium ions. Consequently, cellular Ca2+ disruptions will lead to neuronal apoptosis, autophagy deficits, mitochondrial abnormality, defective neurotransmission, impaired synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in AD. FAD-linked PS1 mutation downregulates the unfolded protein response and leads to vulnerability to ER stress.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
Pathway map
hsa05010  Alzheimer disease
hsa05010

Network
nt06460  Alzheimer disease
nt06463  Parkinson disease
nt06466  Pathways of neurodegeneration
nt06534  Unfolded protein response
  Element
N00996  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to AGE-RAGE signaling pathway
N00997  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to electron transfer in Complex I
N00999  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to electron transfer in Complex IV
N01001  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to mAchR-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01002  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01003  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to transport of calcium
N01004  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to VGCC-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01005  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to crosstalk between extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways
N01006  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to VGCC-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01007  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN to mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01008  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01010  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to PERK-ATF4 signaling pathway
N01012  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to IRE1a-XBP1 signaling pathway
N01014  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to IRE1a-JNK signaling pathway
N01016  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to ATF6-mediated transcription
N01017  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to anterograde axonal transport
N01018  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to anterograde axonal transport
N01060  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to 26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation
N01402  Manganese to electron transfer in Complex II
N01403  Zn to anterograde axonal transport
N01414  Iron to anterograde axonal transport
N01416  Mercury to NEP-mediated Abeta degradation
Disease
H00056  Alzheimer disease; Dementia due to Alzheimer disease
Drug
D04905  Memantine hydrochloride (JAN/USP)
D08174  Memantine (INN)
D08869  Begacestat (USAN/INN)
D09010  Tarenflurbil (USAN/INN)
D09377  Semagacestat (USAN/INN)
D09869  Avagacestat (USAN)
D10739  Verubecestat (JAN/USAN/INN)
D10946  Lanabecestat (USAN/INN)
D10947  Lanabecestat camsylate (USAN)
D11210  Flortaucipir F 18 (USAN)
D11293  Gosuranemab (USAN)
D11384  Hydromethylthionine mesylate (USAN)
D11427  Hydromethylthionine (USAN/INN)
D11456  Atabecestat (USAN/INN)
D11509  Elenbecestat (JAN/USAN)
D11533  Zagotenemab (USAN)
D11678  Lecanemab (USAN)
D11687  Semorinemab (USAN/INN)
D11690  Umibecestat (USAN/INN)
D11840  Tilavonemab (USAN/INN)
D12228  Bepranemab (USAN/INN)
D12553  Nevadistinel (USAN)
D12636  Posdinemab (USAN/INN)
D12848  Etalanetug (USAN)
D12873  Sabirnetug (USAN/INN)
D13075  Usilnetug (USAN/INN)
D13199  Nivegacetor (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
10000  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10023  FRAT1; proto-oncogene FRAT1 [KO:K03069]
100506742  CASP12; inactive caspase-12 [KO:K04741] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100532726  NDUFC2-KCTD14; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2, isoform 2 isoform 2 [KO:K03968]
10105  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
102  ADAM10; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K06704] [EC:3.4.24.81]
1020  CDK5; cyclin-dependent kinase 5 isoform 1 [KO:K02090] [EC:2.7.11.22]
10213  PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030]
102800317  TPTEP2-CSNK1E; casein kinase I isoform epsilon [KO:K08960] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10297  APC2; adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2 isoform 1 [KO:K02085]
10313  RTN3; reticulon-3 isoform e [KO:K20723]
10376  TUBA1B; tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
10381  TUBB3; tubulin beta-3 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
10382  TUBB4A; tubulin beta-4A chain isoform 3 [KO:K07375]
10383  TUBB4B; tubulin beta-4B chain [KO:K07375]
10476  ATP5PD; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit d, mitochondrial isoform a [KO:K02138]
107984365  [KO:K03948]
10975  UQCR11; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10 [KO:K00420]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; LOC110117498-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
11047  ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform 1 [KO:K06691]
11211  FZD10; frizzled-10 precursor [KO:K02842]
112714  TUBA3E; tubulin alpha-3E chain [KO:K07374]
1128  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
1131  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
1133  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
113457  TUBA3D; tubulin alpha-3D chain [KO:K07374]
1139  CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K04809]
1147  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
122011  CSNK1A1L; casein kinase I isoform alpha-like [KO:K08957] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125965  COX6B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
126328  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 isoform 1 [KO:K03956]
1327  COX4I1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02263]
1329  COX5B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02265]
1337  COX6A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
1339  COX6A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02266]
1340  COX6B1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
1345  COX6C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
1346  COX7A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02270]
1347  COX7A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
1349  COX7B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
1350  COX7C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02272]
1351  COX8A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
143471  PSMA8; proteasome subunit alpha-type 8 isoform 1 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
1435  CSF1; macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 isoform a precursor [KO:K05453]
1452  CSNK1A1; casein kinase I isoform alpha isoform 2 [KO:K08957] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1454  CSNK1E; casein kinase I isoform epsilon [KO:K08960] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1457  CSNK2A1; casein kinase II subunit alpha isoform a [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1459  CSNK2A2; casein kinase II subunit alpha' [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1460  CSNK2B; casein kinase II subunit beta isoform 1 [KO:K03115]
147700  KLC3; kinesin light chain 3 [KO:K10407]
1499  CTNNB1; catenin beta-1 isoform 1 [KO:K02105]
1536  CYBB; NADPH oxidase 2 [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
1537  CYC1; cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00413]
163688  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
1649  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2 [KO:K04452]
170712  COX7B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
177  AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 1 precursor [KO:K19722]
1855  DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform 1 [KO:K02353]
1856  DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 [KO:K02353]
1857  DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 [KO:K02353]
1965  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
201266  SLC39A11; zinc transporter ZIP11 isoform 1 [KO:K14717]
203068  TUBB; tubulin beta chain isoform b [KO:K07375]
207  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
208  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2081  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 precursor [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
221074  SLC39A12; zinc transporter ZIP12 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14718]
22863  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
22926  ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform 1 [KO:K09054]
22943  DKK1; dickkopf-related protein 1 precursor [KO:K02165]
23130  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform 1 [KO:K17906]
23236  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform a [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
23385  NCSTN; nicastrin isoform 1 precursor [KO:K06171]
23401  FRAT2; GSK-3-binding protein FRAT2 [KO:K03096]
23516  SLC39A14; metal cation symporter ZIP14 isoform a precursor [KO:K14720]
23621  BACE1; beta-secretase 1 isoform A preproprotein [KO:K04521] [EC:3.4.23.46]
2475  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2535  FZD2; frizzled-2 precursor [KO:K02235]
25800  SLC39A6; zinc transporter ZIP6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14712]
25825  BACE2; beta-secretase 2 isoform A preproprotein [KO:K07747] [EC:3.4.23.45]
2597  GAPDH; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1 [KO:K00134] [EC:1.2.1.12]
260334  TUBB8B; tubulin beta 8B isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
26100  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform a [KO:K17908]
27035  NOX1; NADPH oxidase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K08008]
27089  UQCRQ; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
27121  DKK4; dickkopf-related protein 4 precursor [KO:K02165]
27123  DKK2; dickkopf-related protein 2 precursor [KO:K02165]
27173  SLC39A1; zinc transporter ZIP1 isoform a [KO:K14709]
2776  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
283106  CSNK2A3; casein kinase II subunit alpha 3 [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
283375  SLC39A5; zinc transporter ZIP5 precursor [KO:K14711]
2902  GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform GluN1-1a precursor [KO:K05208]
2903  GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05209]
2904  GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B isoform a precursor [KO:K05210]
2905  GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05211]
2906  GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D precursor [KO:K05212]
291  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
2915  GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 isoform a precursor [KO:K04604]
292  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
293  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
2932  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform 2 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
29796  UQCR10; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 isoform a [KO:K00419]
29982  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform 1 [KO:K21246]
29985  SLC39A3; zinc transporter ZIP3 isoform a [KO:K14709]
29986  SLC39A2; zinc transporter ZIP2 isoform a [KO:K14709]
3028  HSD17B10; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 isoform 1 [KO:K08683] [EC:1.1.1.35 1.1.1.178]
30849  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
317  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform c [KO:K02084]
322  APBB1; amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform a [KO:K04529]
324  APC; adenomatous polyposis coli protein isoform b [KO:K02085]
3265  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform 1 [KO:K02833]
3416  IDE; insulin-degrading enzyme isoform 1 [KO:K01408] [EC:3.4.24.56]
341947  COX8C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
347688  TUBB8; tubulin beta-8 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
347733  TUBB2B; tubulin beta-2B chain [KO:K07375]
348  APOE; apolipoprotein E isoform b precursor [KO:K04524]
351  APP; amyloid-beta precursor protein isoform a precursor [KO:K04520]
355  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K04390]
3551  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform 1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
3552  IL1A; interleukin-1 alpha precursor [KO:K04383]
3553  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta proprotein [KO:K04519]
3569  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05405]
3630  INS; insulin preproprotein [KO:K04526]
3643  INSR; insulin receptor isoform Long preproprotein [KO:K04527] [EC:2.7.10.1]
3667  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
369  ARAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf isoform 1 [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
3708  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR1 isoform 4 [KO:K04958]
3709  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR2 isoform 1 [KO:K04959]
3710  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR3 [KO:K04960]
374291  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
3798  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A isoform 1 [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3799  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3800  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3831  KLC1; kinesin light chain 1 isoform 2 [KO:K10407]
3845  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform a [KO:K07827]
4023  LPL; lipoprotein lipase precursor [KO:K01059] [EC:3.1.1.34]
4035  LRP1; prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 preproprotein [KO:K04550]
4040  LRP6; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 isoform b precursor [KO:K03068]
4041  LRP5; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03068]
4137  MAPT; microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 1 [KO:K04380]
4217  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 isoform 2 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
4311  MME; neprilysin isoform a [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
440567  UQCRHL; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6-like, mitochondrial [KO:K00416]
441925  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
4508  ATP6; ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 [KO:K02126]
4509  ATP8; ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 [KO:K02125]
4512  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [KO:K02256] [EC:7.1.1.9]
4513  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit II [KO:K02261]
4514  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [KO:K02262]
4519  CYTB; cytochrome b [KO:K00412]
4535  ND1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 [KO:K03878] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4536  ND2; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 [KO:K03879] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4537  ND3; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 [KO:K03880] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4538  ND4; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 [KO:K03881] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4539  ND4L; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L [KO:K03882] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4540  ND5; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 [KO:K03883] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4541  ND6; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 [KO:K03884] [EC:7.1.1.2]
468  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
4694  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
4695  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 isoform 1 [KO:K03946]
4696  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
4697  COXFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
4698  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 isoform 1 [KO:K03949]
4700  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
4701  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
4702  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform 1 [KO:K03952]
4704  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03953]
4705  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03954]
4706  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03955]
4707  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
4708  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03958]
4709  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
4710  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 isoform 1 [KO:K03960]
4711  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03961]
4712  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform 1 [KO:K03962]
4713  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
4714  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03964]
4715  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 isoform 1 [KO:K03965]
4716  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
4717  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03967]
4718  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 isoform 1 [KO:K03968]
4719  NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4720  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4722  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4723  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4724  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03937]
4725  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
4726  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03939]
4728  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4729  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4731  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform b precursor [KO:K03944]
4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 proprotein [KO:K02580]
4842  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
4843  NOS2; nitric oxide synthase, inducible [KO:K13241] [EC:1.14.13.39]
487  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform b [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
488  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform b [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
489  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform a [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
4891  SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform 2 [KO:K21398]
4893  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
498  ATP5F1A; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K02132]
50507  NOX4; NADPH oxidase 4 isoform a [KO:K21423] [EC:1.6.3.-]
506  ATP5F1B; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit beta, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02133] [EC:7.1.2.2]
509  ATP5F1C; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform L (liver) precursor [KO:K02136]
51079  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
51107  APH1A; gamma-secretase subunit APH-1A isoform 1 [KO:K06172]
513  ATP5F1D; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit delta, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02134]
51384  WNT16; protein Wnt-16 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K01558]
514  ATP5F1E; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit epsilon, mitochondrial [KO:K02135]
515  ATP5PB; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit b, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02127]
516  ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02128]
517  ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform c precursor [KO:K02128]
518  ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial isoform A precursor [KO:K02128]
51806  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
51807  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
522  ATP5PF; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit F6, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K02131]
5289  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform 1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform 1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform 1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
5330  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform 1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5331  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform 1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5332  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform b [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
539  ATP5PO; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit OSCP, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02137]
54205  CYCS; cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
54361  WNT4; protein Wnt-4 precursor [KO:K00408]
54539  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial isoform 2 [KO:K11351]
5481  PPID; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D [KO:K05864] [EC:5.2.1.8]
55062  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform a [KO:K17908]
55102  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B [KO:K17906]
5530  PPP3CA; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5532  PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform b [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5533  PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform 2 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
55334  SLC39A9; zinc transporter ZIP9 isoform 1 [KO:K14715]
5534  PPP3R1; calcineurin subunit B type 1 [KO:K06268]
5535  PPP3R2; calcineurin subunit B type 2 [KO:K06268]
55626  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform 5 [KO:K17985]
55630  SLC39A4; zinc transporter ZIP4 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K14710]
55851  PSENEN; gamma-secretase subunit PEN-2 [KO:K06170]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
55967  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 isoform a [KO:K11352]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5604  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5605  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform 1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5609  MAP2K7; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 isoform 3 [KO:K04431] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5610  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform a [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5663  PSEN1; presenilin-1 isoform I-467 [KO:K04505] [EC:3.4.23.-]
5664  PSEN2; presenilin-2 isoform 1 [KO:K04522] [EC:3.4.23.-]
5682  PSMA1; proteasome subunit alpha type-1 isoform 2 [KO:K02725] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5683  PSMA2; proteasome subunit alpha type-2 [KO:K02726] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5684  PSMA3; proteasome subunit alpha type-3 isoform 1 [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5685  PSMA4; proteasome subunit alpha type-4 isoform 1 [KO:K02728] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5686  PSMA5; proteasome subunit alpha type-5 isoform 1 [KO:K02729] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5687  PSMA6; proteasome subunit alpha type-6 isoform a [KO:K02730] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5688  PSMA7; proteasome subunit alpha type-7 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5689  PSMB1; proteasome subunit beta type-1 [KO:K02732] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5690  PSMB2; proteasome subunit beta type-2 isoform 1 [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
56901  COXFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
5691  PSMB3; proteasome subunit beta type-3 [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5692  PSMB4; proteasome subunit beta type-4 [KO:K02736] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5693  PSMB5; proteasome subunit beta type-5 isoform 1 [KO:K02737] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5694  PSMB6; proteasome subunit beta type-6 isoform 1 [KO:K02738] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5695  PSMB7; proteasome subunit beta type-7 precursor [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5700  PSMC1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 isoform a [KO:K03062]
5701  PSMC2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 isoform 1 [KO:K03061]
5702  PSMC3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A [KO:K03065]
5704  PSMC4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B isoform 1 [KO:K03063]
5705  PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform 1 [KO:K03066]
5706  PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B isoform 1 [KO:K03064]
5707  PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 isoform 1 [KO:K03032]
5708  PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 isoform 1 [KO:K03028]
5709  PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033]
5710  PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform 2 [KO:K03029]
5713  PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038]
5714  PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031]
57142  RTN4; reticulon-4 isoform A [KO:K20720]
5715  PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform 1 [KO:K06693]
5717  PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036]
5718  PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 isoform 1 [KO:K03035]
57181  SLC39A10; zinc transporter ZIP10 precursor [KO:K14716]
5719  PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform 1 [KO:K03039]
572  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
5743  PTGS2; prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor [KO:K11987] [EC:1.14.99.1]
5894  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform b [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5970  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform 1 [KO:K04735]
60673  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
6263  RYR3; ryanodine receptor 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04963]
637  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 2 [KO:K04726]
6389  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
6390  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
6391  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00236]
6392  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K00237]
64116  SLC39A8; metal cation symporter ZIP8 isoform a precursor [KO:K14714]
64837  KLC2; kinesin light chain 2 isoform 1 [KO:K10407]
6622  SNCA; alpha-synuclein isoform NACP140 [KO:K04528]
673  BRAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf isoform 1 [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
6868  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
7124  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
7132  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03158]
7186  TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
7277  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
7278  TUBA3C; tubulin alpha-3C chain [KO:K07374]
7280  TUBB2A; tubulin beta-2A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
7381  UQCRB; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 isoform 1 [KO:K00417]
7384  UQCRC1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00414]
7385  UQCRC2; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00415]
7386  UQCRFS1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
7388  UQCRH; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00416]
7416  VDAC1; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1 isoform 1 [KO:K05862]
7417  VDAC2; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC2 isoform 2 [KO:K15040]
7419  VDAC3; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC3 isoform 1 [KO:K15041]
7471  WNT1; proto-oncogene Wnt-1 precursor [KO:K03209]
7472  WNT2; protein Wnt-2 precursor [KO:K00182]
7473  WNT3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 precursor [KO:K00312]
7474  WNT5A; protein Wnt-5a isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00444]
7475  WNT6; protein Wnt-6 precursor [KO:K00445]
7476  WNT7A; protein Wnt-7a precursor [KO:K00572]
7477  WNT7B; protein Wnt-7b isoform 2 precursor [KO:K00572]
7478  WNT8A; protein Wnt-8a isoform 3 precursor [KO:K00714]
7479  WNT8B; protein Wnt-8b precursor [KO:K00714]
7480  WNT10B; protein Wnt-10b precursor [KO:K01357]
7481  WNT11; protein Wnt-11 precursor [KO:K01384]
7482  WNT2B; protein Wnt-2b isoform WNT-2B2 [KO:K00182]
7483  WNT9A; protein Wnt-9a precursor [KO:K01064]
7484  WNT9B; protein Wnt-9b isoform 1 precursor [KO:K01064]
7494  XBP1; X-box-binding protein 1 isoform XBP1(U) [KO:K09027]
775  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform 18 [KO:K04850]
776  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform b [KO:K04851]
778  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform 1 [KO:K04853]
779  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
7846  TUBA1A; tubulin alpha-1A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
7855  FZD5; frizzled-5 precursor [KO:K02375]
7922  SLC39A7; zinc transporter SLC39A7 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14713]
7976  FZD3; frizzled-3 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02329]
7979  SEM1; 26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1 isoform c [KO:K10881]
79861  TUBAL3; tubulin alpha chain-like 3 isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
80086  TUBA4B; tubulin-like protein alpha-4B [KO:K07374]
801  CALM1; calmodulin-1 isoform 2 [KO:K02183]
80326  WNT10A; protein Wnt-10a precursor [KO:K01357]
805  CALM2; calmodulin-2 isoform 2 [KO:K02183]
808  CALM3; calmodulin-3 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
810  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
81027  TUBB1; tubulin beta-1 chain [KO:K07375]
81029  WNT5B; protein Wnt-5b precursor [KO:K00444]
823  CAPN1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
824  CAPN2; calpain-2 catalytic subunit isoform 1 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
8312  AXIN1; axin-1 isoform a [KO:K02157]
8313  AXIN2; axin-2 isoform 1 [KO:K04385]
8321  FZD1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
8322  FZD4; frizzled-4 precursor [KO:K02354]
8323  FZD6; frizzled-6 isoform a precursor [KO:K02376]
8324  FZD7; frizzled-7 precursor [KO:K02432]
8325  FZD8; frizzled-8 precursor [KO:K02375]
8326  FZD9; frizzled-9 precursor [KO:K02842]
83447  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 isoform 1 [KO:K05863]
83464  APH1B; gamma-secretase subunit APH-1B isoform 1 [KO:K06172]
836  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
840  CASP7; caspase-7 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
8408  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
841  CASP8; caspase-8 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
842  CASP9; caspase-9 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
84617  TUBB6; tubulin beta-6 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
84701  COX4I2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
8471  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 isoform 1 [KO:K17446]
84790  TUBA1C; tubulin alpha-1C chain isoform c [KO:K07374]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform 1 [KO:K02649]
8517  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform a [KO:K07210]
8660  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
8678  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform a [KO:K08334]
8772  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
8851  CDK5R1; cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 1 [KO:K11716]
8883  NAE1; NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit isoform a [KO:K04532]
89780  WNT3A; protein Wnt-3a precursor [KO:K00312]
89832  CHRFAM7A; CHRNA7-FAM7A fusion protein isoform 1 [KO:K04809]
89953  KLC4; kinesin light chain 4 isoform a [KO:K10407]
90550  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K20858]
91252  SLC39A13; zinc transporter ZIP13 isoform a precursor [KO:K14719]
9167  COX7A2L; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2-like, mitochondrial isoform a [KO:K02270]
91860  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
9377  COX5A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02264]
9451  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
9706  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
9776  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform c [KO:K08331]
9821  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform 1 [KO:K17589]
9861  PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 isoform 2 [KO:K03037]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00038  Zinc cation
C00070  Copper
C00076  Calcium cation
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01319  Hg
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C14818  Fe2+
C16514  Amyloid beta protein 40
C16515  Amyloid beta protein 42
C16845  Peroxynitrite
C19610  Manganese(2+)
C21011  [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012  [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
C21013  [Protein]-pyrraline
C21014  [Protein]-pentosidine
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Vargas LM, Cerpa W, Munoz FJ, Zanlungo S, Alvarez AR
  Title
Amyloid-beta oligomers synaptotoxicity: The emerging role of EphA4/c-Abl signaling in Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1864:1148-1159 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.023
Reference
PMID:25394486
  Authors
Tu S, Okamoto S, Lipton SA, Xu H
  Title
Oligomeric Abeta-induced synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Mol Neurodegener 9:48 (2014)
DOI:10.1186/1750-1326-9-48
Reference
PMID:31191253
  Authors
Palomer E, Buechler J, Salinas PC
  Title
Wnt Signaling Deregulation in the Aging and Alzheimer's Brain.
  Journal
Front Cell Neurosci 13:227 (2019)
DOI:10.3389/fncel.2019.00227
Reference
PMID:27807401
  Authors
Vallee A, Lecarpentier Y
  Title
Alzheimer Disease: Crosstalk between the Canonical Wnt/Beta-Catenin Pathway and PPARs Alpha and Gamma.
  Journal
Front Neurosci 10:459 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fnins.2016.00459
Reference
PMID:19903023
  Authors
Origlia N, Arancio O, Domenici L, Yan SS
  Title
MAPK, beta-amyloid and synaptic dysfunction: the role of RAGE.
  Journal
Expert Rev Neurother 9:1635-45 (2009)
DOI:10.1586/ern.09.107
Reference
PMID:19464758
  Authors
Srikanth V, Maczurek A, Phan T, Steele M, Westcott B, Juskiw D, Munch G
  Title
Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Neurobiol Aging 32:763-77 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.016
Reference
PMID:12805290
  Authors
Pigino G, Morfini G, Pelsman A, Mattson MP, Brady ST, Busciglio J
  Title
Alzheimer's presenilin 1 mutations impair kinesin-based axonal transport.
  Journal
J Neurosci 23:4499-508 (2003)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04499.2003
Reference
PMID:15645263
  Authors
Roy S, Zhang B, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ
  Title
Axonal transport defects: a common theme in neurodegenerative diseases.
  Journal
Acta Neuropathol 109:5-13 (2005)
DOI:10.1007/s00401-004-0952-x
Reference
PMID:26074767
  Authors
Ferreira ST, Lourenco MV, Oliveira MM, De Felice FG
  Title
Soluble amyloid-beta oligomers as synaptotoxins leading to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Front Cell Neurosci 9:191 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fncel.2015.00191
Reference
PMID:24529521
  Authors
De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST
  Title
How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease?
  Journal
Alzheimers Dement 10:S26-32 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.004
Reference
PMID:26136647
  Authors
Bedse G, Di Domenico F, Serviddio G, Cassano T
  Title
Aberrant insulin signaling in Alzheimer's disease: current knowledge.
  Journal
Front Neurosci 9:204 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fnins.2015.00204
Reference
PMID:20101724
  Authors
Funderburk SF, Marcellino BK, Yue Z
  Title
Cell "self-eating" (autophagy) mechanism in Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Mt Sinai J Med 77:59-68 (2010)
DOI:10.1002/msj.20161
Related
pathway
hsa00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
hsa03050  Proteasome
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04140  Autophagy - animal
hsa04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
hsa04210  Apoptosis
hsa04310  Wnt signaling pathway
hsa04910  Insulin signaling pathway
hsa04933  AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
ko05010   

  All links  
No link information was found.
KEGG   PATHWAY: hsa05010
Entry
hsa05010                    Pathway                                
Name
Alzheimer disease - Homo sapiens (human)
Description
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major component of senile plaques, has various pathological effects on cell and organelle function. To date genetic studies have revealed four genes that may be linked to autosomal dominant or familial early onset AD (FAD). These four genes include: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). All mutations associated with APP and PS proteins can lead to an increase in the production of Abeta peptides, specfically the more amyloidogenic form, Abeta42. It was proposed that Abeta form Ca2+ permeable pores and bind to and modulate multiple synaptic proteins, including NMDAR, mGluR5 and VGCC, leading to the overfilling of neurons with calcium ions. Consequently, cellular Ca2+ disruptions will lead to neuronal apoptosis, autophagy deficits, mitochondrial abnormality, defective neurotransmission, impaired synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in AD. FAD-linked PS1 mutation downregulates the unfolded protein response and leads to vulnerability to ER stress.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
Pathway map
hsa05010  Alzheimer disease
hsa05010

Network
nt06460  Alzheimer disease
nt06463  Parkinson disease
nt06466  Pathways of neurodegeneration
nt06534  Unfolded protein response
  Element
N00996  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to AGE-RAGE signaling pathway
N00997  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to electron transfer in Complex I
N00999  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to electron transfer in Complex IV
N01001  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to mAchR-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01002  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01003  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to transport of calcium
N01004  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to VGCC-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01005  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to crosstalk between extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways
N01006  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to VGCC-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01007  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN to mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01008  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to mGluR5-Ca2+ -apoptotic pathway
N01010  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to PERK-ATF4 signaling pathway
N01012  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to IRE1a-XBP1 signaling pathway
N01014  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to IRE1a-JNK signaling pathway
N01016  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to ATF6-mediated transcription
N01017  Mutation-caused aberrant PSEN1 to anterograde axonal transport
N01018  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to anterograde axonal transport
N01060  Mutation-caused aberrant Abeta to 26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation
N01402  Manganese to electron transfer in Complex II
N01403  Zn to anterograde axonal transport
N01414  Iron to anterograde axonal transport
N01416  Mercury to NEP-mediated Abeta degradation
Disease
H00056  Alzheimer disease; Dementia due to Alzheimer disease
Drug
D04905  Memantine hydrochloride (JAN/USP)
D08174  Memantine (INN)
D08869  Begacestat (USAN/INN)
D09010  Tarenflurbil (USAN/INN)
D09377  Semagacestat (USAN/INN)
D09869  Avagacestat (USAN)
D10739  Verubecestat (JAN/USAN/INN)
D10946  Lanabecestat (USAN/INN)
D10947  Lanabecestat camsylate (USAN)
D11210  Flortaucipir F 18 (USAN)
D11293  Gosuranemab (USAN)
D11384  Hydromethylthionine mesylate (USAN)
D11427  Hydromethylthionine (USAN/INN)
D11456  Atabecestat (USAN/INN)
D11509  Elenbecestat (JAN/USAN)
D11533  Zagotenemab (USAN)
D11678  Lecanemab (USAN)
D11687  Semorinemab (USAN/INN)
D11690  Umibecestat (USAN/INN)
D11840  Tilavonemab (USAN/INN)
D12228  Bepranemab (USAN/INN)
D12553  Nevadistinel (USAN)
D12636  Posdinemab (USAN/INN)
D12848  Etalanetug (USAN)
D12873  Sabirnetug (USAN/INN)
D13075  Usilnetug (USAN/INN)
D13199  Nivegacetor (USAN/INN)
Organism
Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
Gene
10000  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10023  FRAT1; proto-oncogene FRAT1 [KO:K03069]
100506742  CASP12; inactive caspase-12 [KO:K04741] [EC:3.4.22.-]
100532726  NDUFC2-KCTD14; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2, isoform 2 isoform 2 [KO:K03968]
10105  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
102  ADAM10; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K06704] [EC:3.4.24.81]
1020  CDK5; cyclin-dependent kinase 5 isoform 1 [KO:K02090] [EC:2.7.11.22]
10213  PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030]
102800317  TPTEP2-CSNK1E; casein kinase I isoform epsilon [KO:K08960] [EC:2.7.11.1]
10297  APC2; adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2 isoform 1 [KO:K02085]
10313  RTN3; reticulon-3 isoform e [KO:K20723]
10376  TUBA1B; tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
10381  TUBB3; tubulin beta-3 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
10382  TUBB4A; tubulin beta-4A chain isoform 3 [KO:K07375]
10383  TUBB4B; tubulin beta-4B chain [KO:K07375]
10476  ATP5PD; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit d, mitochondrial isoform a [KO:K02138]
107984365  [KO:K03948]
10975  UQCR11; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10 [KO:K00420]
110117499  P3R3URF-PIK3R3; LOC110117498-PIK3R3 readthrough [KO:K02649]
11047  ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform 1 [KO:K06691]
11211  FZD10; frizzled-10 precursor [KO:K02842]
112714  TUBA3E; tubulin alpha-3E chain [KO:K07374]
1128  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
1131  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
1133  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
113457  TUBA3D; tubulin alpha-3D chain [KO:K07374]
1139  CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K04809]
1147  CHUK; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
122011  CSNK1A1L; casein kinase I isoform alpha-like [KO:K08957] [EC:2.7.11.1]
125965  COX6B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
126328  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 isoform 1 [KO:K03956]
1327  COX4I1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02263]
1329  COX5B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02265]
1337  COX6A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
1339  COX6A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02266]
1340  COX6B1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
1345  COX6C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
1346  COX7A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02270]
1347  COX7A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
1349  COX7B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
1350  COX7C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02272]
1351  COX8A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
143471  PSMA8; proteasome subunit alpha-type 8 isoform 1 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
1435  CSF1; macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 isoform a precursor [KO:K05453]
1452  CSNK1A1; casein kinase I isoform alpha isoform 2 [KO:K08957] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1454  CSNK1E; casein kinase I isoform epsilon [KO:K08960] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1457  CSNK2A1; casein kinase II subunit alpha isoform a [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1459  CSNK2A2; casein kinase II subunit alpha' [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
1460  CSNK2B; casein kinase II subunit beta isoform 1 [KO:K03115]
147700  KLC3; kinesin light chain 3 [KO:K10407]
1499  CTNNB1; catenin beta-1 isoform 1 [KO:K02105]
1536  CYBB; NADPH oxidase 2 [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
1537  CYC1; cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00413]
163688  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
1649  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform 2 [KO:K04452]
170712  COX7B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02271]
177  AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 1 precursor [KO:K19722]
1855  DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform 1 [KO:K02353]
1856  DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 [KO:K02353]
1857  DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 [KO:K02353]
1965  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
201266  SLC39A11; zinc transporter ZIP11 isoform 1 [KO:K14717]
203068  TUBB; tubulin beta chain isoform b [KO:K07375]
207  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
208  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2081  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 precursor [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
221074  SLC39A12; zinc transporter ZIP12 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14718]
22863  ATG14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]
22926  ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform 1 [KO:K09054]
22943  DKK1; dickkopf-related protein 1 precursor [KO:K02165]
23130  ATG2A; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform 1 [KO:K17906]
23236  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform a [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
23385  NCSTN; nicastrin isoform 1 precursor [KO:K06171]
23401  FRAT2; GSK-3-binding protein FRAT2 [KO:K03096]
23516  SLC39A14; metal cation symporter ZIP14 isoform a precursor [KO:K14720]
23621  BACE1; beta-secretase 1 isoform A preproprotein [KO:K04521] [EC:3.4.23.46]
2475  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
2535  FZD2; frizzled-2 precursor [KO:K02235]
25800  SLC39A6; zinc transporter ZIP6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14712]
25825  BACE2; beta-secretase 2 isoform A preproprotein [KO:K07747] [EC:3.4.23.45]
2597  GAPDH; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1 [KO:K00134] [EC:1.2.1.12]
260334  TUBB8B; tubulin beta 8B isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
26100  WIPI2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform a [KO:K17908]
27035  NOX1; NADPH oxidase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K08008]
27089  UQCRQ; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
27121  DKK4; dickkopf-related protein 4 precursor [KO:K02165]
27123  DKK2; dickkopf-related protein 2 precursor [KO:K02165]
27173  SLC39A1; zinc transporter ZIP1 isoform a [KO:K14709]
2776  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
283106  CSNK2A3; casein kinase II subunit alpha 3 [KO:K03097] [EC:2.7.11.1]
283375  SLC39A5; zinc transporter ZIP5 precursor [KO:K14711]
2902  GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform GluN1-1a precursor [KO:K05208]
2903  GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05209]
2904  GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B isoform a precursor [KO:K05210]
2905  GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05211]
2906  GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D precursor [KO:K05212]
291  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
2915  GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 isoform a precursor [KO:K04604]
292  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
293  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
2932  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform 2 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
29796  UQCR10; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 isoform a [KO:K00419]
29982  NRBF2; nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 isoform 1 [KO:K21246]
29985  SLC39A3; zinc transporter ZIP3 isoform a [KO:K14709]
29986  SLC39A2; zinc transporter ZIP2 isoform a [KO:K14709]
3028  HSD17B10; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 isoform 1 [KO:K08683] [EC:1.1.1.35 1.1.1.178]
30849  PIK3R4; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]
317  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform c [KO:K02084]
322  APBB1; amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform a [KO:K04529]
324  APC; adenomatous polyposis coli protein isoform b [KO:K02085]
3265  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform 1 [KO:K02833]
3416  IDE; insulin-degrading enzyme isoform 1 [KO:K01408] [EC:3.4.24.56]
341947  COX8C; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
347688  TUBB8; tubulin beta-8 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
347733  TUBB2B; tubulin beta-2B chain [KO:K07375]
348  APOE; apolipoprotein E isoform b precursor [KO:K04524]
351  APP; amyloid-beta precursor protein isoform a precursor [KO:K04520]
355  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K04390]
3551  IKBKB; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform 1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
3552  IL1A; interleukin-1 alpha precursor [KO:K04383]
3553  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta proprotein [KO:K04519]
3569  IL6; interleukin-6 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K05405]
3630  INS; insulin preproprotein [KO:K04526]
3643  INSR; insulin receptor isoform Long preproprotein [KO:K04527] [EC:2.7.10.1]
3667  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
369  ARAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf isoform 1 [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
3708  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR1 isoform 4 [KO:K04958]
3709  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR2 isoform 1 [KO:K04959]
3710  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel ITPR3 [KO:K04960]
374291  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
3798  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A isoform 1 [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3799  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3800  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C [KO:K10396] [EC:5.6.1.3]
3831  KLC1; kinesin light chain 1 isoform 2 [KO:K10407]
3845  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform a [KO:K07827]
4023  LPL; lipoprotein lipase precursor [KO:K01059] [EC:3.1.1.34]
4035  LRP1; prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 preproprotein [KO:K04550]
4040  LRP6; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 isoform b precursor [KO:K03068]
4041  LRP5; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03068]
4137  MAPT; microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 1 [KO:K04380]
4217  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 isoform 2 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
4311  MME; neprilysin isoform a [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
440567  UQCRHL; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6-like, mitochondrial [KO:K00416]
441925  BECN2; beclin-2 [KO:K08334]
4508  ATP6; ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 [KO:K02126]
4509  ATP8; ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 [KO:K02125]
4512  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [KO:K02256] [EC:7.1.1.9]
4513  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit II [KO:K02261]
4514  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [KO:K02262]
4519  CYTB; cytochrome b [KO:K00412]
4535  ND1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 [KO:K03878] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4536  ND2; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 [KO:K03879] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4537  ND3; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 [KO:K03880] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4538  ND4; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 [KO:K03881] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4539  ND4L; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L [KO:K03882] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4540  ND5; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 [KO:K03883] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4541  ND6; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 [KO:K03884] [EC:7.1.1.2]
468  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
4694  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
4695  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 isoform 1 [KO:K03946]
4696  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
4697  COXFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
4698  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 isoform 1 [KO:K03949]
4700  NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
4701  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
4702  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform 1 [KO:K03952]
4704  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03953]
4705  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03954]
4706  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03955]
4707  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
4708  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03958]
4709  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
4710  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 isoform 1 [KO:K03960]
4711  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03961]
4712  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform 1 [KO:K03962]
4713  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
4714  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03964]
4715  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 isoform 1 [KO:K03965]
4716  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
4717  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03967]
4718  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 isoform 1 [KO:K03968]
4719  NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4720  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4722  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4723  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4724  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03937]
4725  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
4726  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03939]
4728  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4729  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
4731  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform b precursor [KO:K03944]
4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 2 proprotein [KO:K02580]
4842  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
4843  NOS2; nitric oxide synthase, inducible [KO:K13241] [EC:1.14.13.39]
487  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform b [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
488  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform b [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
489  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform a [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
4891  SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform 2 [KO:K21398]
4893  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
498  ATP5F1A; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit alpha, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K02132]
50507  NOX4; NADPH oxidase 4 isoform a [KO:K21423] [EC:1.6.3.-]
506  ATP5F1B; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit beta, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02133] [EC:7.1.2.2]
509  ATP5F1C; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform L (liver) precursor [KO:K02136]
51079  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
51107  APH1A; gamma-secretase subunit APH-1A isoform 1 [KO:K06172]
513  ATP5F1D; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit delta, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02134]
51384  WNT16; protein Wnt-16 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K01558]
514  ATP5F1E; ATP synthase F(1) complex subunit epsilon, mitochondrial [KO:K02135]
515  ATP5PB; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit b, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02127]
516  ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02128]
517  ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform c precursor [KO:K02128]
518  ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial isoform A precursor [KO:K02128]
51806  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
51807  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
522  ATP5PF; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit F6, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K02131]
5289  PIK3C3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform 1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]
5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform 1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform 1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
5295  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K02649]
5296  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
5330  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform 1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5331  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform 1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
5332  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform b [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
539  ATP5PO; ATP synthase peripheral stalk subunit OSCP, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02137]
54205  CYCS; cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
54361  WNT4; protein Wnt-4 precursor [KO:K00408]
54539  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial isoform 2 [KO:K11351]
5481  PPID; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D [KO:K05864] [EC:5.2.1.8]
55062  WIPI1; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 isoform a [KO:K17908]
55102  ATG2B; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B [KO:K17906]
5530  PPP3CA; protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha isoform 1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5532  PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform b [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
5533  PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform 2 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
55334  SLC39A9; zinc transporter ZIP9 isoform 1 [KO:K14715]
5534  PPP3R1; calcineurin subunit B type 1 [KO:K06268]
5535  PPP3R2; calcineurin subunit B type 2 [KO:K06268]
55626  AMBRA1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform 5 [KO:K17985]
55630  SLC39A4; zinc transporter ZIP4 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K14710]
55851  PSENEN; gamma-secretase subunit PEN-2 [KO:K06170]
5594  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5595  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
55967  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 isoform a [KO:K11352]
5599  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5601  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform alpha2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5602  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform 1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
5604  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5605  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform 1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5609  MAP2K7; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 isoform 3 [KO:K04431] [EC:2.7.12.2]
5610  EIF2AK2; interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform a [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5663  PSEN1; presenilin-1 isoform I-467 [KO:K04505] [EC:3.4.23.-]
5664  PSEN2; presenilin-2 isoform 1 [KO:K04522] [EC:3.4.23.-]
5682  PSMA1; proteasome subunit alpha type-1 isoform 2 [KO:K02725] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5683  PSMA2; proteasome subunit alpha type-2 [KO:K02726] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5684  PSMA3; proteasome subunit alpha type-3 isoform 1 [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5685  PSMA4; proteasome subunit alpha type-4 isoform 1 [KO:K02728] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5686  PSMA5; proteasome subunit alpha type-5 isoform 1 [KO:K02729] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5687  PSMA6; proteasome subunit alpha type-6 isoform a [KO:K02730] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5688  PSMA7; proteasome subunit alpha type-7 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5689  PSMB1; proteasome subunit beta type-1 [KO:K02732] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5690  PSMB2; proteasome subunit beta type-2 isoform 1 [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
56901  COXFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
5691  PSMB3; proteasome subunit beta type-3 [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5692  PSMB4; proteasome subunit beta type-4 [KO:K02736] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5693  PSMB5; proteasome subunit beta type-5 isoform 1 [KO:K02737] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5694  PSMB6; proteasome subunit beta type-6 isoform 1 [KO:K02738] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5695  PSMB7; proteasome subunit beta type-7 precursor [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
5700  PSMC1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 isoform a [KO:K03062]
5701  PSMC2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 isoform 1 [KO:K03061]
5702  PSMC3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A [KO:K03065]
5704  PSMC4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B isoform 1 [KO:K03063]
5705  PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform 1 [KO:K03066]
5706  PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B isoform 1 [KO:K03064]
5707  PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 isoform 1 [KO:K03032]
5708  PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 isoform 1 [KO:K03028]
5709  PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033]
5710  PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform 2 [KO:K03029]
5713  PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038]
5714  PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031]
57142  RTN4; reticulon-4 isoform A [KO:K20720]
5715  PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 isoform 1 [KO:K06693]
5717  PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036]
5718  PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 isoform 1 [KO:K03035]
57181  SLC39A10; zinc transporter ZIP10 precursor [KO:K14716]
5719  PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform 1 [KO:K03039]
572  BAD; bcl2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
5743  PTGS2; prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor [KO:K11987] [EC:1.14.99.1]
5894  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform b [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
5970  RELA; transcription factor p65 isoform 1 [KO:K04735]
60673  ATG101; autophagy-related protein 101 [KO:K19730]
6263  RYR3; ryanodine receptor 3 isoform 1 [KO:K04963]
637  BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 2 [KO:K04726]
6389  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
6390  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
6391  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00236]
6392  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform a precursor [KO:K00237]
64116  SLC39A8; metal cation symporter ZIP8 isoform a precursor [KO:K14714]
64837  KLC2; kinesin light chain 2 isoform 1 [KO:K10407]
6622  SNCA; alpha-synuclein isoform NACP140 [KO:K04528]
673  BRAF; serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf isoform 1 [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
6868  ADAM17; disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform 1 preproprotein [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
7124  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
7132  TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A isoform 1 precursor [KO:K03158]
7186  TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [KO:K03173] [EC:2.3.2.27]
7277  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
7278  TUBA3C; tubulin alpha-3C chain [KO:K07374]
7280  TUBB2A; tubulin beta-2A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
7381  UQCRB; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 isoform 1 [KO:K00417]
7384  UQCRC1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00414]
7385  UQCRC2; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K00415]
7386  UQCRFS1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
7388  UQCRH; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00416]
7416  VDAC1; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC1 isoform 1 [KO:K05862]
7417  VDAC2; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC2 isoform 2 [KO:K15040]
7419  VDAC3; non-selective voltage-gated ion channel VDAC3 isoform 1 [KO:K15041]
7471  WNT1; proto-oncogene Wnt-1 precursor [KO:K03209]
7472  WNT2; protein Wnt-2 precursor [KO:K00182]
7473  WNT3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 precursor [KO:K00312]
7474  WNT5A; protein Wnt-5a isoform 1 precursor [KO:K00444]
7475  WNT6; protein Wnt-6 precursor [KO:K00445]
7476  WNT7A; protein Wnt-7a precursor [KO:K00572]
7477  WNT7B; protein Wnt-7b isoform 2 precursor [KO:K00572]
7478  WNT8A; protein Wnt-8a isoform 3 precursor [KO:K00714]
7479  WNT8B; protein Wnt-8b precursor [KO:K00714]
7480  WNT10B; protein Wnt-10b precursor [KO:K01357]
7481  WNT11; protein Wnt-11 precursor [KO:K01384]
7482  WNT2B; protein Wnt-2b isoform WNT-2B2 [KO:K00182]
7483  WNT9A; protein Wnt-9a precursor [KO:K01064]
7484  WNT9B; protein Wnt-9b isoform 1 precursor [KO:K01064]
7494  XBP1; X-box-binding protein 1 isoform XBP1(U) [KO:K09027]
775  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform 18 [KO:K04850]
776  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform b [KO:K04851]
778  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform 1 [KO:K04853]
779  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
7846  TUBA1A; tubulin alpha-1A chain isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
7855  FZD5; frizzled-5 precursor [KO:K02375]
7922  SLC39A7; zinc transporter SLC39A7 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K14713]
7976  FZD3; frizzled-3 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K02329]
7979  SEM1; 26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1 isoform c [KO:K10881]
79861  TUBAL3; tubulin alpha chain-like 3 isoform 1 [KO:K07374]
80086  TUBA4B; tubulin-like protein alpha-4B [KO:K07374]
801  CALM1; calmodulin-1 isoform 2 [KO:K02183]
80326  WNT10A; protein Wnt-10a precursor [KO:K01357]
805  CALM2; calmodulin-2 isoform 2 [KO:K02183]
808  CALM3; calmodulin-3 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
810  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
81027  TUBB1; tubulin beta-1 chain [KO:K07375]
81029  WNT5B; protein Wnt-5b precursor [KO:K00444]
823  CAPN1; calpain-1 catalytic subunit [KO:K01367] [EC:3.4.22.52]
824  CAPN2; calpain-2 catalytic subunit isoform 1 [KO:K03853] [EC:3.4.22.53]
8312  AXIN1; axin-1 isoform a [KO:K02157]
8313  AXIN2; axin-2 isoform 1 [KO:K04385]
8321  FZD1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
8322  FZD4; frizzled-4 precursor [KO:K02354]
8323  FZD6; frizzled-6 isoform a precursor [KO:K02376]
8324  FZD7; frizzled-7 precursor [KO:K02432]
8325  FZD8; frizzled-8 precursor [KO:K02375]
8326  FZD9; frizzled-9 precursor [KO:K02842]
83447  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 isoform 1 [KO:K05863]
83464  APH1B; gamma-secretase subunit APH-1B isoform 1 [KO:K06172]
836  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform a preproprotein [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
840  CASP7; caspase-7 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K04397] [EC:3.4.22.60]
8408  ULK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
841  CASP8; caspase-8 isoform 2 precursor [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
842  CASP9; caspase-9 isoform alpha precursor [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
84617  TUBB6; tubulin beta-6 chain isoform 1 [KO:K07375]
84701  COX4I2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
8471  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 isoform 1 [KO:K17446]
84790  TUBA1C; tubulin alpha-1C chain isoform c [KO:K07374]
8503  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform 1 [KO:K02649]
8517  IKBKG; NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform a [KO:K07210]
8660  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
8678  BECN1; beclin-1 isoform a [KO:K08334]
8772  FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein [KO:K02373]
8851  CDK5R1; cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator 1 [KO:K11716]
8883  NAE1; NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 regulatory subunit isoform a [KO:K04532]
89780  WNT3A; protein Wnt-3a precursor [KO:K00312]
89832  CHRFAM7A; CHRNA7-FAM7A fusion protein isoform 1 [KO:K04809]
89953  KLC4; kinesin light chain 4 isoform a [KO:K10407]
90550  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform 1 precursor [KO:K20858]
91252  SLC39A13; zinc transporter ZIP13 isoform a precursor [KO:K14719]
9167  COX7A2L; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2-like, mitochondrial isoform a [KO:K02270]
91860  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform 1 [KO:K02183]
9377  COX5A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K02264]
9451  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform 1 precursor [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
9706  ULK2; serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK2 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]
9776  ATG13; autophagy-related protein 13 isoform c [KO:K08331]
9821  RB1CC1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform 1 [KO:K17589]
9861  PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 isoform 2 [KO:K03037]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00038  Zinc cation
C00070  Copper
C00076  Calcium cation
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01319  Hg
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C14818  Fe2+
C16514  Amyloid beta protein 40
C16515  Amyloid beta protein 42
C16845  Peroxynitrite
C19610  Manganese(2+)
C21011  [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012  [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
C21013  [Protein]-pyrraline
C21014  [Protein]-pentosidine
Reference
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  Authors
Dickson DW
  Title
Apoptotic mechanisms in Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration: cause or effect?
  Journal
J Clin Invest 114:23-7 (2004)
DOI:10.1172/JCI22317
Reference
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Takuma K, Yan SS, Stern DM, Yamada K
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
J Pharmacol Sci 97:312-6 (2005)
DOI:10.1254/jphs.CPJ04006X
Reference
PMID:18675468
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Bezprozvanny I, Mattson MP
  Title
Neuronal calcium mishandling and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Trends Neurosci 31:454-63 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.005
Reference
PMID:9848086
  Authors
Holscher C
  Title
Possible causes of Alzheimer's disease: amyloid fragments, free radicals, and calcium homeostasis.
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Neurobiol Dis 5:129-41 (1998)
DOI:10.1006/nbdi.1998.0193
Reference
PMID:18035450
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Bojarski L, Herms J, Kuznicki J
  Title
Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Neurochem Int 52:621-33 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.002
Reference
PMID:25450339
  Authors
Kondratskyi A, Kondratska K, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N
  Title
Ion channels in the regulation of apoptosis.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1848:2532-46 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.030
Reference
PMID:29890840
  Authors
Popugaeva E, Pchitskaya E, Bezprozvanny I
  Title
Dysregulation of Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease.
  Journal
Antioxid Redox Signal 29:1176-1188 (2018)
DOI:10.1089/ars.2018.7506
Reference
PMID:25767489
  Authors
Tan Y, Deng Y, Qing H
  Title
Calcium channel blockers and Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Neural Regen Res 7:137-40 (2012)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.02.010
Reference
PMID:11484003
  Authors
Small DH, Mok SS, Bornstein JC
  Title
Alzheimer's disease and Abeta toxicity: from top to bottom.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:595-8 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35086072
Reference
PMID:15177383
  Authors
Parihar MS, Hemnani T
  Title
Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
J Clin Neurosci 11:456-67 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.jocn.2003.12.007
Reference
PMID:17568632
  Authors
Cowburn RF, Popescu BO, Ankarcrona M, Dehvari N, Cedazo-Minguez A
  Title
Presenilin-mediated signal transduction.
  Journal
Physiol Behav 92:93-7 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.053
Reference
PMID:22842534
  Authors
Honarnejad K, Herms J
  Title
Presenilins: role in calcium homeostasis.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44:1983-6 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2012.07.019
Reference
PMID:21663966
  Authors
Supnet C, Bezprozvanny I
  Title
Presenilins function in ER calcium leak and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Calcium 50:303-9 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceca.2011.05.013
Reference
PMID:16677790
  Authors
Hauptmann S, Keil U, Scherping I, Bonert A, Eckert A, Muller WE
  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic and genetic Alzheimer's disease.
  Journal
Exp Gerontol 41:668-73 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.exger.2006.03.012
Reference
PMID:14557245
  Authors
Chen Y, Liu W, McPhie DL, Hassinger L, Neve RL
  Title
APP-BP1 mediates APP-induced apoptosis and DNA synthesis and is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain.
  Journal
J Cell Biol 163:27-33 (2003)
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Related
pathway
hsa00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
hsa03050  Proteasome
hsa04020  Calcium signaling pathway
hsa04140  Autophagy - animal
hsa04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
hsa04210  Apoptosis
hsa04310  Wnt signaling pathway
hsa04910  Insulin signaling pathway
hsa04933  AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
ko05010   

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